China's constitution enshrines freedom of religion, but stability-obsessed leaders in the officially atheist government are wary of the appeal of a higher moral power.
The Vatican has previously condemned what it called "external pressures and constrictions" on Chinese Catholics, and the government has detained Vatican-appointed bishops who split from the Catholic Patriotic Association.
Chinese Bishop Thaddeus Ma Daqin, ordained by the Vatican, has been held under house arrest at the Sheshan seminary in Shanghai since July after he announced that he was leaving the association.
The Vatican had refused to recognize China's ordination to the state-run Church of Reverend Joseph Yue Fusheng, complaining he had not been blessed by the pope.
Catholic activists say other bishops have gone missing or have to contend with house arrest and surveillance.
Linkback: https://tubagbohol.mikeligalig.com/index.php?topic=71344.0