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The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« on: December 17, 2007, 04:39:02 AM »
Amando Respicio Boncales
MA Student

Dr. Eric Jones
University Professor

Northern Illinois University


The Philippine Claim Over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
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Introduction

The rise of Islam in Southeast Asia revolutionized specific social institutions in the region. Islam as a politico-religious institution had triggered the modification and introduction of social institutions that shaped present day Southeast Asia. Among the most important developments was the introduction of the sultanate (a developed political and at the same time religion institution) to the region. For the purpose of this research, my study will focused on the development of the Sulu sultanate as part of the greater Malayan world and the eventual claim of the Philippines to Sabah (as the political successor at sovereignty of the Sulu Sultanate).
The objective of this study is to trace the historical and legal basis of the Philippine claim over the State of Sabah. The methodology of the study will be thematical not chronological. Instead of being conscious of the timeline, the study will concentrate on the major themes that shaped the sultanate’s Sabah dominion, lease and agreements with western world and the present claim of the Philippines to the Sabah State. The words “North Borneo,” “British Borneo” or “Sabah” are used interchangeably in the study. These words are used to that portion of the North Borneo Island to which the sultan of Sulu once ruled.
Available historical records seem to indicate that the dispute territory was a possession of the Sultan of Sulu which evidently was leased to the founders of a British chartered company. With protection of the crown guaranteed over the lease territory, later became the foundation British annexation and colonization. Eventually, Sabah was included in the federation of Malaysia.

The foundation of the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu   

The sultanates of Sulu and Borneo were well established political entity in the malay world during the late 15th and 16th century. The Arabs, who had settled in Malacca in 1400, did not extended political control over the two sultanates other than spreading the teaching of Islam. The Chinese did the same who frequented the areas held by the two sultanates to trade with the natives.
   The sultanate of Sulu was founded in 1380, nearly one and a half century before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines. The sultanate possessed an efficient political organization, extending its influence in Zamboanga, Basilan, Palawan, aside from the Sulu archipelago.  During its supremacy, the sultanate extended its control as far as the Visayas and Luzon until controlled by the Spanish conquistadores in the Philippines. For many years to come, as the colonial government consolidated it territory, the sultanate was to remain a problem by the Spanish and American colonial government (viewed as pirates and buccaneers). 
The Sultanate of Brunei, on the other hand, was founded in the 15th century. For a brief period, it became a tributary of the Majapahit Empire.  Before the British entry in to the region, the sultanate exercise nominal control over the whole northwestern and eastern coast of the island.
Related by its common Malay origin, the two sultanates were bounded together by religious ties with the spread of Islam in the Malay world. Trade between their respective subjects served to reinforce this relationship even more.

Borneo and the Western World

   The Portuguese and the Spaniards, in search of spice, were the earliest among the westerners to arrive in the East Indies and establish themselves in Malacca early in the 16th century. British interest in the Sulu-Borneo area stemmed primarily from the East Indian Company’s desire to establish a factory.  The head of this particular project was Alexander Dalrymple, who, in January 1761, negotiated a Treaty of Friendship and Commerce with the Sultan of Sulu. The agreement was confirmed by another treaty in February 1763 reiterating the major provision, emphasizing defense alliance.
   But the company appeared unable to take advantage of this concession. When it finally decided, in 1769, to occupy Balambangan and made use of the ceded territory, disease and strained relations with the Sultan of Sulu erupted that led to open war; hence, prevented the development of the enterprise. The Balambanagn settlement was abandoned in 1775 until a second attempt was made in 1803, which again abandoned in 1805.
   Under the Act of 1858, the East Indian Company was dissolved and their interests were transferred to the crown. However, evidence seems to suggest that the territires ceded by the Sulu failed to interest the British government further. Lord Canning, as the first viceroy to British India, repudiated the “doctrine of lapse” and was further enunciated by his predecessor (the Earl of Derby).  The Earl of Derby, in explaining to the British Ambassador in Germany the nature of Spanish claim to North Borneo:
   â€œIt should be mentioned that previously to 1836 Spain claimed the island on the ground of first discovery, ancient treaties, and alleged occupations; but those claims were never admitted by Great Britain…Great Britain also had rights under Treaties with Sulu, dated 1761, 1764, and 1769, BUT those treaties must be considered as having lapse…” (Emphasis provided)
   Almost two decade before the dissolution of the East Indian Company, an Englishman named James Brooke  visited Sarawak, and shortly after was offered by the Sultan of Brunei the governorship of Sarawak in exchange for aid in the face of continuing rebellion. Later in 1841, Brooke was proclaimed Rajah and in subsequent years, he succeeded in minimizing piracy in Sarawak, brunei, and North Borneo with the cooperation of the British Navy. The involvement of Brooke made him “the supreme ruler of Sarawak or the White Rajah.”
   In 1846, the British flag was raised on Labuan Island off the cost the east coast of Sabah.  And in the following year, Great Britain and Brunei the concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, at the same time that Labuan was ceded in perpetuity to the crown.
   The United States became similarly attracted to Borneo, eager of obtaining the favors that had been secured by other western powers. In 1850, a treaty was signed for the United States advantages for the most favored nation, and later an American consul was appointed to Brunei. Borneo-Sulu area became increasing attractive in terms of commerce for its strategic location in the region, especially maritime traffic.
Brunei’s Cession of Sabah to Sulu.
   Although considerable wealthy, the Sultan of Brunei had a court that was corrupt and ridden with intrigues. Consequently, the sultan found difficulty in extending control to many of his datus throughout the domain, rebellion and strife was frequent in the sultanate. It was under this circumstances that the territory, comprising most of what is now Sabah State, was ceded to the neighboring sultanate as the prize for military assistance.
   The murder of the 12th Sultan of Brunei, Muhammad Ali, by Bendehara Abdul Mubin resulted to civil war. The perpetrator claimed the throne but was contested by Pengeran Bongso, a nephew and son-in-law of the deceased sultan. Both contestants to the throne asked the support of Badarud-din, a relative of both and the reigning Sultan of Sulu. Badarud-din was unable to solve the crisis, but supported Pengeran Bongso (who took the name Sultan Muaddin).  Sultan Muaddin emerged victorious and the large territorial land known today as “the State of Sabah” was ceded to the Sultanate of Sulu in exchange of the military help and support.
   The observation of the contemporary British officer will give us more insight of the territory ceded:
   â€œThe first material alteration in the sovereignty of the territorial possession took place in the kingdom of Borneo Proper, when his Raja was obliged to call in the aid of the Solos to defend him against an insurrection of the Maruts and Chinese. In consideration of this important aid, the Raja of Borneo Proper ceded to the Sultan of Solo all that portion of Borneo then belonging to him, from Kimanis in latitude 5° 30’ north to Tapean-durian, in the straits of Macassar, which include the whole north of Borneo.”

The sultanate’s connection with Northern Borneo goes back as early as 1521, as far as the written record is concerned, when a Brunei Sultan was married to a Sulu princess. This early connection between the two sultanates cemented the familial relationship. This political marriage developed into a politico-military allegiance.
   Meanwhile, as trade flourished in the region, the mercantilist policies adapted by the colonial powers deprived the Sultanate of Bornei and Sulu of their own profitable commercial activity. Thus driven into piracy and smuggling, the Sulus and the Bruneis continually menaced western trade, presenting a problem that was to persist for many years.
Territorial Grant from Brunei
   Baron von Overbeck, Austrian Consul-General at Hongkong at that time, convinced Dent in supporting a venture in Sabah and together they planned to sell their rights to any interested government.  With the money he received from Dent to conduct negotiations, the baron sailed to Brunei. He succeeded in persuading the Sultan, who presumably could not resist the tempting compensation offered. On December 29, 1877, the sultan entered into agreement with von Overbeck, in which the latter gained three territorial “grant” and for which the sultan received a total annual payment of 12, 000 Malayan Dollar.
   Together with the above-mention grants, the sultan appointed von Overbeck “supreme ruler” with the title of “Maharajah of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan,” with delegated powers to govern the territory. 
The Baron, however, evidently realized that several factors tended to depreciate the value of the grants he had obtained. This is because; more than a century and a half earlier the territory had already been ceded to the Sultan of Sulu who was in actual possession. Moreover, Brunei chiefs refused to recognize the Sultan of Brunei’s rights to cede the territory.
   Von Overbeck, aware of the Sultan of Sulu’s dominion in North Borneo, found it necessary to entered into negotiation with the sultan for the lease of the territory. Overbeck and William W. Treacher (Acting British Consul-General at Labuan Island in Borneo), went to Sulu in January 1878. The contract dated January 22, 1878, was drafted by Overbeck himself and was written in Malayan language with Arabic character.

Territorial Lease from Sulu.

   From Labuan, Baron von Overbeck, Joseph W. Torrey, and William Clark Cowie sailed to Jolo on board the steamer, America, arriving at their destination on January 16. Consul Treacher also reached Jolo on the same day, having sailed separately on the British Warship, Fly.
   Von Overbeck and his companion were shrewd negotiators and their combined effort brought to bear on the sultan, already hard-press by an ongoing campaign in Sulu, was hardly in a position to refuse. During the bargaining, Cowie, whom the sultan had great confidence as a gun-smuggling partner, contributed his own persuasive influence after having been led to believed that von Overbeck would reward him.
   Treacher, whom the sultan consulted, said that Overbeck represented “a bona fide British company,” and intimated to the Sultan that the Spanish Captain-General himself was at the head of the expedition already in Zamboanga poised and ready to destroy Jolo; and that the Sultan of Brunei had recently ceded to them the territory and was already to take possession of it anyway.   Evidently a lease of the sultan’s possession in Sabah, its pertinent provisions read thus:
“We Sri Paduka Maulana Al Sultan Mohammad Jamalul A’lam, son of Sari Paduka Marhum Al Sultan Mohammad Pulalum, Sultan  of Sulu and of all dependencies thereof, on behalf of ourselves and for our heirs and successors, and with the expressed desire of all Datus in common agreement, do hereby desire to lease of our own free will and satisfaction, to Gustavus Baron de Overbeck of Hong Kong, and to Alfred Dent, Esquire, of London, who act as representatives of a British company, together with their heirs, associate, successors, and assigns forever and until the end of time, all rights and powers which we possess over all the territories and lands tributary from the Pandasan River on the east, and thence along the whole east coast as far as Sibuku  on the South, and including all territories, on the Pandasan River and in the coastal area, known as Paitan, Sugut, Banggai, Labuk, Sandakan, China-Batangan, Murniang and all other territories and coastal lands to the south, bordering on Darvel Bay and as far as the Sibuku River, together with all the lands which lie within nine miles from the coast.”
   The cession (as the Malaysian prefer to interpret it) or lease (as the Sulu Sultanate maintain) of Sabah to the British began in the Treaty of 1878 between Baron de Overbeck and His Highness the Sultan Jamal Al-Alam was signed for an annual payment of 5,000 Malayan dollars. 
It should be noted that Consul Treacher succeeded in formalizing the participation of his government in the agreement, by affixing the participation of his government in the agreement, by affixing his signature as a sole witness to the transaction. Unlike in the Brunei grants of the previous year, Treacher’s recommendation were accepted by the Sulu Sultan, namely, that the “consent” of the British government would first be obtained before any transfer of territory and that its “consideration and judgment” shall be sought in event of any dispute.
Together with the Territorial Agreement , the sultan also appointed von Overbeck as “supreme and independent ruler” with the title of “Datu Bandahara and Rajah of Sandakan,” delegating him as a vassal power with which to administer the territory. However, the sultan made it clear that Oberbeck made the title not him.

The Philippines Claim over Sabah and its Arguments.

It is the thesis of the Philippine government that the contract of 1878 was a lease, and not a transfer of ownership or sovereignty. Treacher, was present at the signing of the contract and as witness, he characterized the contract as a lease and referred to the money payment as annual rentals.
Contrary to allegations, the Philippine claim had been studied for years before 1962. While serving in the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1946, Diosdado Macapagal, who later became President of the Philippines, advocated the filing of the claim. The official filing of the claim took place on June 22, 1962. The claims are of sovereignty, jurisdiction, and proprietary ownership to North Borneo. Philippines being successor-in- interest of the Sultan of Sulu derived its legal and historical rights in North Borneo.
In the early part of the 1960’s it became an imperative for the Philippines, aside from the strong historical and legal rights that North Borneo is important to Philippine territory and vital to its security. At this time (1960’s), communism in the region was in its height and Philippines were anxious that Malaya would succumb to the potent communist threat from mainland Southeast Asia, creating a scenario in which a communist territory would be immediately at the southern frontier of the Philippines.
Philippine anxiety on the communist threat has subsided, but another form of menace developed. From the dynamics of the Muslim separatist movement in the south, there evolved a more terrifying threat. The Sabah state of present Malaysia harbored some of the kidnappers, Abu Sayyaf and Al-Quedah, provoking international concern through widespread violence, state wide terror and their vision of establishing independent states.
The British North Borneo Company based their rights from the grant signed in January, 1878. In it, the sultan of Sulu granted certain concessions and privileges to Baron de Overbeck, an Austrian national who was at the time the Austrian Consul-General at Hongkong, and Alfred Dent, a British national, in consideration of an annual rent or tribute of 5,000 Malayan dollars. Dent later bought out Overbeck, and transferred his rights to the British North Borneo Company. The Company was granted a Royal Charter on November 1, 1881.
The Philippine government argues that Overdeck and Dent (the leasors) did not acquire sovereignty or dominion over North Borneo. This is because, according to international law, sovereignty can be ceded only to sovereign entities (e.g. government to government agreement) or to individuals acting for sovereign entities (agreement between leaders of nations). Obviously, Overbeck and Dent were private citizens of their respective countries who did not represent any sovereign entities, but instead acted as mere businessmen who only acquired grant of lease from the Sultan of Sulu. Hence, neither of them did not, and could not, acquire sovereignty or dominion.3
The above letter was written by the British Foreign Minister to explain and respond to the Spanish protest regarding the grant of Royal Charter to the British North Borneo Company. It was not the Spanish crown who made the protest alone; the Dutch government also protested in the same way. Again, Lord Granville maintained in his letter to the Dutch that the British North Borneo Company was a mere administrator, and that the “British Government assumed no sovereign rights whatever in Borneo.” 
    The Philippine government, therefore, strongly argues that the transfer of rights, powers and interest by the British North Borneo Company to the British Crown is not possible. North Borneo Cession Order of 1946 took place just six days immediately after the Philippines was declared independent by the United States. In the International Law, a transferee (British Crown) cannot acquire more rights than the transferor (British North Borneo Company). In other words, how can the British Crown exercise sovereign rights in the form of protectorate in 1946, when the British North Borneo Company did not exercise nor assume sovereignty over North Borneo? In other words, how can the British North Borneo Company transfer sovereignty to the British Crown, which the company did not have in the first place?
   It has been said that President Manuel L. Quezon of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (the transitional, semi-autonomous government of the Philippines under American sovereignty which preceded the independent republic) “had decided not to recognize the continued existence of the Sultanate of Sulu, particularly in reference to North Borneo.” The Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs was not able to find a written record of this statement. This pronouncement was against the Organic Law of the Philippine Commonwealth,  since the power to give and terminate recognition during the Commonwealth Philippines was vested only in the Congress of the United States of America (being the colonial power). Aside from the political technicality, International Law dictates that any withdrawal or termination of recognition does not imply the dissolution of the entity affected by the withdrawal.
The Philippine government believes that Dent, who was granted a Royal Charter in the form of British North Borneo Company by the British government, to which the British Crown derived its claim of sovereignty, was not authorized to acquire sovereignty or dominion. Evidence to this was the official correspondence of Lord Earl Granville, British Foreign Minister at the time, in his letter to the British Minister in Madrid dated January 7, 1882, explaining the character of the Charter Grant of the British North Borneo Company, as follows:
“The British Charter therefore differs essentially from the previous Charters granted by the Crown to the East India company, the Hudson’s Bay Company, the New Zealand Company, and other Associations of that character, in the fact that the Crown in the present case assumes no dominion or sovereignty over the territories occupied by the company, nor does it purport to grant to the Company any powers of government thereover; it merely confer upon the persons associated the status and incidents of a body corporate, and recognizes the grants of territory and the powers of government made and delegated by the sultan in whom the sovereignty remains vested…As regards the general feature of the undertaking, it is to be observed that the territories granted to the Company have been for generations under the government of the Sultan of Sulu and Brunei, with whom Great Britain has had Treaties of Peace and Commerce…

The above letter was done by the British Foreign Minister to explain and respond to the Spanish protest regarding the grant of Royal Charter to the British North Borneo Company. It was not the Spanish crown who made the protest alone; also the Dutch government protested the same. Again Lord Granville maintains, in his letter to the Dutch, that the British North Borneo Company was a mere administrator, and that “British Government assumed no sovereign rights whatever in Borneo.” 
The Philippine government therefore, strongly argues that the transfer of rights, powers, and interest by the British North Borneo Company to the British Crown is not possible, known as North Borneo Cession Order of 1946 (that took place six days immediately after the Philippines was declared independent by the United States). In the International Law, a transferee (British Crown) can not acquire more rights than the transferor (British North Borneo Company). In other words, how can the British Crown acquire sovereign rights (in the form of protectorate in 1946), when the British North Borneo Company did not exercise nor assume sovereignty over North Borneo? Again, since Overbeck and Dent did not acquire rights of sovereignty or dominion over North Borneo their transferee (British North Borneo Company), also, did not acquire rights of sovereignty or dominion.

The1930 Convention Between the United States and Great Britain and its implication to the Philippine Sabah Claim.

Under the Carpenter Agreement of 1915, the Sultan of Sulu agreed to relinquish its temporal power over Sulu, but retained his sovereignty over North Borneo. As Governor Carpenter clarified in this communication to the director of the Non-Christian tribe on May 4, 1920, as follows:
“It is necessary however that there be clearly (sic) of official record the fact that the termination of the temporal sovereignty of the Sultanate of Sulu within American territory is understood to be wholly without prejudice or effect as to the temporal sovereignty and ecclesiastical authority of the sultanate beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the United States Government especially with reference to that portion of the Island of Borneo which as a dependency of the Sultanate of Sulu is understood to be held under lease by the chartered company which is known as the British North Borneo Company… ” The American Governor General of the Philippine Island Francis B. Harrison made it more clear that:  “It is true Governor Carpenter’s contract or treaty with the Sultan of Sulu of 1915 deprived the Sultan of his temporal sovereignty in the Philippine archipelago but did not interfere with the Sultan’s status of sovereignty over British North Borneo lands.”
   It is in the context of this statement that the 1930 Convention between the United States and Great Britain defined their respective boundaries. The United States did not intend to claim North Borneo. By this act of defining their respective boundaries, the United States did not cede or waive anything to the British Crown.

Macaskie Dictum of 1939.

In 1939, the heirs of Sultan Jamalul Kiram filed a suit case in the court of Borneo for the purpose of collecting the money due to them under the 1878 Grant. The issue before the court was the identity of the heirs of the sultan who were entitled to receive payments after his death. Through their attorney, they had the only English translation by Maxwell and Gibson (that translated the Grant of 1878 as cessation instead of lease, which is wrong according to a later translation).
It should be recalled, that the Grant in 1878 is in Arabic and is worded in the Malayan language. At the time the lawyer of the heirs filed the case, he had no original copy of the Grant in 1878. The erroneous Maxwell-Gibson translation was the one used, quoted, and paraphrased in the complaint filed by the attorney for the heirs of the Sultan. Years after the Macaskie dictum was made (which translated the Grant as cession instead of lease), the Philippine government had the copy translated into English. According to the result of the translation, the Grant of 1878 was a Lease Agreement. Under this circumstance, the Philippine Government could not accept the dictum of Judge Macaskie. In the judgment, the Grant of 1878 was viewed as a permanent cession or sale, and that the money that is to be paid to the heirs is “cession money.”
Recognition of the Sultan of Sulu of the Sovereignty of Spain over “Sulu and its dependencies” (the main island of Sulu and the tributaries) in 1878 and the eventual renunciation in 1885.

   According to this interpretation, Spain acquired sovereignty over North Borneo in 1878 when it signed the protocol of March 7, 1885 with Germany and Great Britain. In that protocol of peace, Spain gave up all claims of sovereignty over North Borneo to Great Britain; hence, sovereignty over the territory was transferred to Great Britain.
   The document signed by the sultan in 1878, recognizing Spanish sovereignty over “Jolo and its dependencies,” had no mention on the inclusion of the sultan’s territory in North Borneo. It is important to first clarify that Spain never acquired sovereignty over North Borneo.  In the protocol signed, the term “pretension” to sovereignty over North Borneo was used; hence, there was no essence at all that Spain was transferring sovereignty to Great Britain (a sovereignty Spain never had; it was merely a pretension). Second, “Jolo and its dependencies” was a geo-political unit different and distinct from the North Borneo possession. To give a more vivid example for this argument, let us try to examine Spanish geo-political units in its Asian positions, known as “Espana Oceanica:”
1.   The Philippine Archipelago proper;
2.   The Island and archipelago of Jolo, conformably with existing treaties with the Sultan of Sulu;
3.   The portion of Northeast cost of Borneo that forms part of the dominion of the Sultan;
4.   The Marianas Islands; and
5.   Other territories which now belong or which may belong in the future to Spain.
North Borneo was not considered a dependency of Jolo. As shown in the list of “Espana Oceanica,” North Borneo was a geo-political unit different and distinct from the Archipelago of Jolo. It is clear that the sultan did not include his territory and dominion in North Borneo in signing the treaty recognizing the Spanish sovereignty. Another thing to consider was the Spanish Geo-political division in “Espana Oceanica.” In the Spanish geo-political law, the regulations were clear about that.
Even if one would insist to assume that the signing of the sultan in 1885 recognizing Spanish sovereignty over “Jolo and its dependencies” resulted to transfer of sovereignty is still out of premise. Because in the protocol of peace in between Germany, Great Britain, and Spain, it was clearly stated that the Spanish claim of sovereignty was worded in the text as “pretension.” By this, it did not result in transfer of sovereignty from Spain to Great Britain. Therefore, the premise that Spain’s renunciation of sovereignty over its North Borneo territory in favor of Great Britain, that resulted in transfer of sovereignty from the Sulu Sultanate to Great Britain, was impossible.

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Philippine Claim to North Borneo. 2 vols. Manila City: Manila Bureau of
Printing, 1964.

"Philippine Claim To Sabah, North Borneo, Sultanate of Sulu is Rightful
Owner." Asian Finest Discussion Forum. May 6, 2004.   http://www.asiafinest.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

"PHILIPPINES' CLAIM TO SABAH." Epilipinas: The Right Connection.
 http://www.epilipinas.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

"Poor Handling of Pinoy revives claim over Sabah." Sun Star Manila. August 
28, 2002. http://www.sunstar.com.ph (accessed December 20, 2006).

Puyok, Arnold. "Sulu Sultan Must give up Sabah." Malysiakini. October 13, 2004.
http://www.malaysiakini.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

"Sabah CM brushes off Sulu Sultan's claim." Utusan Malaysian Online. October 
13, 2004. http://www.utusan.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

"Sabah- Sulu- Sulu Sultanate or Malaysia." Cari Forum-Regional Member
& Gathering. Octorber 14, 2004. http://www.cari.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

"Sultan of Sulu." Science Fair Project Encyclopedia.
http://www.all-science-fairprojects.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

The Bangsamoro Online-The Sultan of Sulu's Lost Land. September 20, 2004. 
   http://www.bangsamoro.info/modules (accessed December 21, 2006).

Vigilar, Rufi. "Philippines Sidelines in the Island Dispute." CNN.com. October
24, 2001. http://www.cnn.worldnews.printthis.clickability.com (accessed December 20, 2006).

Villanueva, Victor. bikoy.net. August 29, 2002. http://bikoy.net/archives/2002/08/ 
(accessed December 21, 2006).

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Macky Ferniz

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #1 on: December 25, 2007, 01:03:35 AM »
With land mass & territorial waters representing one fifth of the Philippine territory, proportionately a 20% mount to our ailing economy, should Sabah be claimed.

A far effortless remedy, compared to sacrificing millions of OFWs, just to improve 7%.

Not to mention its rich fishing grounds, timberland and mineral resources. Also holds the stragegic "balabac" navigation straight, a shortest route from the Pacific to South China Sea passing Surigao.

We hold all the historical evidence/authentic documents needed and it is a matter of determination to claim what is ours. We are not paying our diplomats just to sit and drink coffee.

During my elementary years, I remembered Sabah as part of the Philippine Map.

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Lorenzo

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #2 on: December 30, 2007, 08:38:33 PM »
Military force should be implemented to claim our territory.

Why should a nation of 91 million cower to a nation of 25 million?
Malaysia Does Not need Sabah.



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Z153090

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #3 on: December 30, 2007, 11:39:57 PM »
Military force should be implemented to claim our territory.

Why should a nation of 91 million cower to a nation of 25 million?
Malaysia Does Not need Sabah.



Exactly you are right; currently we are enhancing our arm forces. We should be able to move next year in implementing this effort.

However, the Philippine government made a statement before (1960's) that we will do it in a peaceful way; I think we should start campaigning it to our citizens about the issue since most of our people are not so familiar with the issue.

I would suggest that we should include the history of Sabah to our curriculum and by doing so our people will be conscious enough about the Sabah claim.


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Macky Ferniz

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #4 on: December 31, 2007, 01:34:14 AM »
It is time to deport all Malaysians off our territory.

Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!

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Z153090

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #5 on: December 31, 2007, 09:47:45 PM »
It is time to deport all Malaysians off our territory.

Mabuhay ang Pilipinas!

your must be right but, there are many Filipino working in Malaysia too, any way our people should be discourage in working in that area


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Brownman

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #6 on: December 31, 2007, 10:49:19 PM »
PHILIPPINES' CLAIM


TO SABAH
A majority of Filipinos everywhere are wondering what is this Sabah claim
is all about. The Philippine history books, Malaysian's probably too,
have not mentioned about the Philippines' stake on the northern part
of the island of Borneo. On the other hand, the Malaysians maybe
furious that there are a lot of attention now being focused to that
part of the Malaysian federation to which they believe was theirs
since the British handed the territory in 1963.

What we are trying here is to bring an insight to this dispute based on
our researched of the various facts (or allegations) regarding this subject.
As Filipino Americans, our main concern in bringing about this article is to
tell that part of the history of the Philippines.

WHERE IS SABAH?

Sabah,is the northern part of Borneo. It is bordered by Sarawak on its
southwestern side, and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) to the south.
Sabah has a coastline of approximately 800 to 900 miles and with the
South China Sea in the west and north, the Sulu Sea in the northeast
and the Celebes Sea in the east. Sabah's total land area is 76,115 sq km
(29,388 sq miles). Sabah's population is about 2.5 million. It is 1,961 km
from Hong Kong, 1,143 km from Manila, 1,495 km from Singapore, 1,678 km
from Kuala Lumpur and 2,291 km from Taipei - note that it is nearer to
Manila than Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur.

North Borneo is much undeveloped and very rich in natural resources.
One of the wealthiest oil producing countries is located in same island
of Borneo, the tiny Sultanate of Brunei. 

Learn more about Sabah through the links below.


THE LEASE STARTED IT ALL

The Sultanate of Sulu was granted the territory as a prize for helping
the Sultan of Brunei against his enemies and from then on that part of
Borneo is recognized as part of the Sultan of Sulu's sovereignty. In 1878,
Baron Von Overbeck, an Austrian partner representing The British North Borneo
Co. and his partner British Alfred Dent, leased the territory known as "Sabah"
- roughly translated as "the land beneath the winds". In return the company
will provide arms to the Sultan to resist the spaniards and 5,000 Malaysian
ringgits annual rental based on the Mexican dollars value at that time or
its equivalent in gold. This lease have been continued until the independence
and formation of the Malaysian federation in 1963 together with Singapore,
Sarawak and Malaysia. Up to these days, the Malaysians have been continuing
the rental payment of 5,300 Malaysian ringgits - a 300 ringgits increased from
original rent.

In 1962 during the Pres. Diosdado Macapagal's administration (the father
of the present president, Glorio Arroyo), the Philippines formally claimed
Sabah based on the Sultanate of Sulu heirs' claim on the territory. The
Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation
have included "Sabah". The sultan's heirs have given the Philippine government
the authority to pursue the claim legally in international courts. However, the
succeeding administrations have either have ignored or set aside the claim for
peaceful co-existent and trade relation with the Malaysians. 

One significant incident involving then President Marcos have briefly brought
into limelight the Sabah claim once more. In 1972, the Marcos government have
been training secretly a group of Muslim Filipinos in Corregidor, an island
off Manila Bay, for possible intrusion in Sabah to pave the way to an armed
secession of Sabah from Malaysia. But upon knowing of the plans, the recruits
have mutinied and were eliminated except for one that swam the bay and was
rescued. The newspapers have called this incident, the "Jabidah Massacre"
named after the operation that was given by the military. The survivor divulged
the plan and the claim was put in back burner once more. It was believe that
because of the incident, the Malaysians have been aiding the Muslim separatists
against the Philippine government. Some people says this distracted the attention
to the claim on Sabah as the government was embroiled in containing the conflict.

LEGAL CLAIM BASIS

The claim was based on several historical facts and court judgement.

The lease agreement is definitely a proof otherwise there will be no basis for any
agreement if such ownership was not established at all. The contract was between Sri
Paduka Maulana Al Sultan Mohammad Jamalul Alam - representing the sultanate as owner
and sovereign of Sabah on one hand, and that of Gustavus Baron de Overbeck and Alfred
Dent, representing the British East India Co. (then became the North Borneo Co.), on
the other as lessee of Sabah, was executed on June 22, 1878. Though the British turned
over the possession and government of Sabah to the federation, the Malaysians have not
remissed in paying the annual rental. 

The 1939 court judgement on the claim had handed ownership of North Borneo to the heirs
of the Sultanate prior to the formation of Malaysian federation in 1963. The judgment
of Chief Justice C.F.C. Makaskie of the High Court of North Borneo in the civil suit
filed by the late Dayang Dayang Hadji Piandao and eight other heirs of the Sultan of
Sulu, including the famous Putlih (Princess) Tarhata Kiram, upheld the validity of the
claim of the heirs.

Being a British colony did they favored the Malaysians than returning the leased
territory to its rightful owners as per 1939 court judgement? Did the British influenced
the outcome  of their sponsored 1962 plebiscite to which won by those who wanted to
join the Malaysian federation than be an independent state. One also has to speculate
as to why did the British respected a similar treaty with China by returning Hong Kong
instead of conducting a plebiscite just like the one conducted in Sabah in 1962, is
the Philippines a weak nation that can be ignored? These are some questions that need
to be addressed by those who have the mandate to pursue the Philippine claim.

The Malaysian argument before the International Court (The Hague) is in the link below.
This is based on the islands disputed between Indonesia and Malaysia wherein the
Philippines is trying to intervene.

SO WHY THE REVIVAL OF THE CLAIM NOW?

In the last few months the Malaysian authorities have been deporting, we are not sure
if this is the right term for this action knowing the existence of legal claim to North
Borneo, thousands of Filipinos from Sabah for being illegals and for lack of necessary
documents. There are allegations of inhuman treatments and rapes by Malaysian authorities
which are currently being investigated by both governments. It is also good to point out
that illegal Indonesians are likewise being sent home through Kalimantan (Borneo part
of Indonesia). Both the Philippine and the Indonesian governments have protested the
mass deportation and have indignation rallies against the Malaysian action.

Since the time memorial the numerous ethnic tribes in the southern Philippines notably
the Tausugs and Badjaos have been traversing the Celebes Sea from Sulu to Borneo and
other parts of Indonesia. These tribes are sea faring people and settled from anywhere
around the region. To curtail these movements, the Malaysians have decided to demand
document from the Filipinos in Sabah. Undocumented Filipinos were deported and could
only be admitted back when there are necessary papers presented. This situation is
extremely hard specially to those who have fled the secessionist war during the seventies
and eighties as they are refugees and do not have any travel documents. These Muslim
Filipinos have considered Sabah as part of their domain as their ancestors have been
doing centuries ago. That part of southeast asia is bound by common religion, history
and people.

NOW WHAT?

As per official Philippine government stand, the Philippines will continue legal action
through the international courts and also by bringing this claim again to the attention
of the Malaysian government. One of the immediate objectives is to have the rent increased to
what is a more realistic amount while a claim is still being disputed.

There are apprehensions, as some quarters are claiming, that nothing will come out of this
revived interest in the Sabah claim, they are saying that the Philippine government officials
as in the past can be bribed to lose interest in the claim - there is no concrete evidence to
this effect. The Malaysians are hoping that it will die a natural death for lack of will on
the Philippine claimants to pursue further the claim over the years. The longer the dispute
is settled, the harder (or maybe lesser) for the claimants to get any settlement.

Will the heirs get a just settlement in form of monetary compensation? The heirs had been
offered money before by the Malaysians and have rejected the idea. Will the settlement comes
with some portion of the disputed land for displaced Filipino muslims in Sabah? In any issue
involving property dispute, possession is everything.

Will the Arroyo administration be transparent in negotiations with the Mahathir government
or some kind of a deal will be struck without consultations with the other parties involved? 

We will see what will transpire in the future.


Related Sites:
Giving back Sabah to the Sulu sultanate By Noralyn Mustafa
The Sultan of Sulu's Lost Land by Manfred Rist 
Malaysia's Stand On Disputed Islands
Ummahnews-an independent and non-partisan global media service
Sabah Tourism Site
Facts On Sabah




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Macky Ferniz

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Re: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #7 on: January 02, 2008, 01:50:25 AM »
Thanks a lot bay sa information.

We, the present generation must do something for the future of our kids. The key to is to expose this issue and to spread awareness.

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Lorenzo

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Reply: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #8 on: February 14, 2008, 04:02:23 PM »
Exactly you are right; currently we are enhancing our arm forces. We should be able to move next year in implementing this effort.

However, the Philippine government made a statement before (1960's) that we will do it in a peaceful way; I think we should start campaigning it to our citizens about the issue since most of our people are not so familiar with the issue.

I would suggest that we should include the history of Sabah to our curriculum and by doing so our people will be conscious enough about the Sabah claim.


Absolutely. The Philippine government needs to do as what you just stated, Z, to place clear emphasis on Sabah's historical link with the Philippine Islands.

The Philippines, under the administration of the Spanish Empire included not only the Philippine Archipelago proper, but also island of Guam, Palau, the Marianas and Sabah. All of these regions were regarded by the Spanish colonizers as "Las Islas Filipinas", and have been inclusive since the 16th century. This is before the creation and the construct of a 'Malaysia'.

Malaysia in all reality should not even be a nation, as it is a failed state. It is a nation that lives by a state-sponsored segregated society where Malays have Islamic Law to better place their role in society and the Indians and Chinese are marginalized. Malaysia should only be limited to Peninsular Malaysia, where they have historical links to it as the Kingdom of Melaca was stationed at. However the two states in East Malaysia: Sarawak and Sabah are totally foreign to Melaca. Sabah, was subject to the Sulu Sultanate and under the administration of the Spanish Empire, while Sarawak was a distant vassal of Yogyakarta (Indonesia).

The main point here, my friend, is that the Philippines has the most historical claim to Sabah:
1. The Spanish Empire have maps that includes the territory of Sabah with the Philippines
2. The Sultan of Sulu, who is under the Republic of the Philippines, owns Sabah and the Malaysian govt still to this day gives him monthly payments for 'renting' the land
3. The people that live in Sabah are Filipinos, mostly of Bisayan origin. There are over 2 million Filipino workers in Sabah, most of them come from Mindanao and the Visayas
4. There are more Filipinos in Sabah than there are Malaysians. And even the term is arbitrary. As Malaysians are Malay; so are Filipinos.

5. The Philippines is the 2nd largest nation in south east asia, with a population that will soon peak 100 Million. Why in God's name do we acquiesce to the demands of Malaysia, which is 1/4th our size? Malaysia is weak.

This country needs to claim what is rightfully ours. The Malaysians' tactic is to let time 'kill' the Filipino claim. This is absurd. If our country wasn't as weak as it is today, why, The Republic of the Philippines should invade Malaysia proper and 'claim' the entire Malaysian nation as our territory. And be made part of the 'Greater Philippine Republic'.



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Lorenzo

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Reply: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #9 on: February 14, 2008, 04:03:53 PM »
your must be right but, there are many Filipino working in Malaysia too, any way our people should be discourage in working in that area


What Filipinos in Malaysia need to do, Z, is to demand the right to vote to either stay with Malaysia or cede back to the Philippines! Just as what the East Timorese did with Indonesia!

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Lorenzo

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Reply: The Philippine Claim over Sabah: Legal and Historical Bases
« Reply #10 on: February 16, 2008, 05:56:53 AM »
Take a look at this map, circa during the 17th century.

It clearly includes not only Philippines-proper, but Sabah (northeastern Borneo).

Sabah was part of the Philippines then. And must be part of it now, and in the future!





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