Author Topic: Schizophrenia  (Read 4006 times)

hubag bohol

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Schizophrenia
« on: March 07, 2011, 12:02:05 PM »
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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #1 on: March 07, 2011, 12:07:47 PM »
Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia Associated With Subtle Loss in Brain Volume


ScienceDaily (Feb. 8, 2011) — Patients with schizophrenia who take antipsychotic medications appear to lose a small but measurable amount of brain tissue over time, according to a report in the February issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.


Schizophrenia affects 1 percent of the worldwide population and remains a leading cause of chronic disability among young adults, according to background information in the article. Progressive changes in brain volume observed in patients with schizophrenia have been thought to be an effect of the disease. "However, recent animal studies indicate that antipsychotics, the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia patients, may also contribute to brain tissue volume decrement," the authors write. "Because antipsychotics are prescribed for long periods for schizophrenia patients and have increasingly widespread use in other psychiatric disorders, it is imperative to determine their long-term effects on the human brain."

Beng-Choon Ho, M.R.C.Psych., and colleagues at University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, studied 211 patients with schizophrenia who underwent repeated neuroimaging beginning soon after their illness. Each patient had an average of three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans over 7.2 years, for a total of 674 scans. The authors then assessed the relative contributions of four predictors -- illness duration, antipsychotic treatment, illness severity and substance abuse -- on changes in brain volume over time.

Patients who were followed for longer periods of time experienced more reductions in brain volume. Antipsychotic treatment was also associated with brain tissue reduction after controlling for the other three predictors. More intense antipsychotic treatment was associated with overall measures of brain tissue loss, smaller gray matter volume and progressive declines in white matter volume.

The other two variables, illness severity and substance abuse, had no or minimal association with brain changes after the effects of illness duration and antipsychotic treatment were considered.

"Findings from the present study raise several clinical questions. Are antipsychotic-associated gray matter and white matter volume reductions 'bad' for patients?" the authors write. Although they are assumed to be undesirable, the benefits of long-term treatment may outweigh the risks, they note. "However, our findings point toward the importance of prescribing the lowest doses necessary to control symptoms."

In addition, the results raise concerns about the use of antipsychotics for people who do not have schizophrenia, including children, older adults and patients with bipolar or depressive disorders.

"Antipsychotics are effective medications for reducing some of the target clinical symptoms of schizophrenia: psychotic symptoms. In medicine we are aware of many instances in which improving target symptoms worsens other symptoms," the authors conclude. "It is possible that, although antipsychotics relieve psychosis and its attendant suffering, these drugs may not arrest the pathophysiologic processes underlying schizophrenia and may even aggravate progressive brain tissue volume reductions."

Editorial: Results Highlight Need for Close Monitoring, Other Treatment Options

"Although proof that antipsychotic medications cause reductions in brain volume in individuals with schizophrenia remains elusive, the findings of Ho and colleagues, in concert with those of the aforementioned animal studies and prior reports in humans, raise the important question of the clinical significance of the observed brain volume changes," writes David A. Lewis, M.D., of the University of Pittsburgh, in an accompanying editorial.

"A classic maxim in clinical medicine is to treat the patient, not the laboratory test -- or in this case, the MRI," Dr. Lewis writes. "Thus, the findings of Ho and colleagues should not be construed as an indication for discontinuing the use of antipsychotic medications as a treatment for schizophrenia. But they do highlight the need to closely monitor the benefits and adverse effects of these medications in individual patients, to prescribe the minimal amount needed to achieve the therapeutic goal, to consider the addition of non-pharmacological approaches that may improve outcomes and to continue the pursuit of new antipsychotic medications with different mechanisms of action and more favorable benefit to harm ratios."


http://www.sciencedaily.com/



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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #2 on: March 07, 2011, 02:23:28 PM »



A "Conversation" between Prof. F. A. Gerges
and J. Michael Mahoney
 

Gerges

How do you explain the fact that other researchers have not examined the subject of the bearded lady?

Mahoney

Frankly, it is amazing to me that schizophrenia has not been generally and decisively linked to the bearded lady syndrome, except in isolated cases. A handful of investigators, notably Dr. Edward J. Kempf (see quotation 001 herein) has certainly made note of this phenomenon in mental illness, but the writings of others on the subject have not been extensive enough to make an indelible impression on the general public, nor, for that matter, even on the psychiatric profession. Theories are a dime-a-dozen, so to speak, and one has to gather an overwhelming amount of evidence to convince people of a theory's correctness, which so far no one else has done in this particular case. Darwin's theory of evolution could have been stated quite simply in a few pages, yet, after developing his theory, he had to spend the remainder of his life documenting it extensively in such books as On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man.

The bearded lady syndrome in mental illness has been observed by many, yet no one has really been able to distinguish the forest from the trees; that is, the general applicability of the theory to all cases of mental illness and not just the few being observed at any one moment.

My favorite quotation (from Otto Fenichel's The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis) I think explains this investigative blindness: "And the hero who solves every riddle must have been wise not so much because of his intelligence, but because his emotional freedom, unhindered by repression, enabled him to recognize the hidden truth." Unfortunately, many investigators are still hindered by their own repressions, varying both in strength and depth. These repressions can be the result of both religious and personal problems which have never been satisfactorily resolved. The purpose of Freud's Psycho-Analysis is to resolve and dissipate these repressions, but how many people have been psycho-analyzed? If an investigator has issues with his own bearded-lady self, which he (or she) has never satisfactorily come to terms with, the ambivalence caused by this repression will make it much more difficult to recognize this conflict in others.

Charles Darwin, in his autobiography edited by his granddaughter, Nora Barlow, put it another way. He was explaining how easy it is to ignore phenomena, even though they are plainly visible, if you do not know what you are looking for. "On this tour," he wrote, "I had a striking instance how easy it is to overlook phenomena, however conspicuous, before they are observed by anyone. We spent many hours in Cwm Idwal, examining all the rocks with extreme care, as Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them; but neither of us saw a trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us; we did not notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the Philosophical Magazine, a house burnt down by fire did not tell its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had been filled by a glacier, the phenomena would have been less distinct than they are now."

The same holds true for the bearded lady syndrome. Its phenomena are so obvious in every case of mental illness/schizophrenia, if one knows what to look for, that, as Darwin so strikingly put it, "a house burnt down by fire did not tell its story more plainly than did this valley."

Nowadays, of course, academic psychiatry is preaching a so-called bio-chemical theory of schizophrenia, namely, that the disease is caused by certain chemical imbalances in the brain and that the cure lies in somehow correcting these imbalances through drugs and other physiological treatments. The drugs in use today, however, are merely band-aids covering the basic pathogen, i.e., the severe bisexual conflict of the bearded lady syndrome. Drugs can be useful in certain cases to stabilize the patient to the extent that he or she can begin psychotherapy. If psychotherapy is not undertaken then the drugs truly remain nothing but band-aids, or chemical straight-jackets, and the bisexual conflict pathogen itself is never resolved, forcing the patient to remain on drugs for the remainder of his or her life. The vast majority of these drugs greatly diminish the sexual drive and of course this aids in eliminating much of the toxic effect of the undischarged homosexual libido, thereby substantially reducing the symptoms of the mental illness.

The only true cure for schizophrenia is long-term psychotherapy wherein the afflicted person can finally come to terms with his or her intense bisexual conflict and resolve it satisfactorily by either accepting one's homosexuality or else maturing into heterosexuality.


More at: http://www.schizophrenia-thebeardedladydisease.com/introduction.html




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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #3 on: March 07, 2011, 02:30:52 PM »
There are various types of Schizophrenia, but Paranoid Schizophrenia is the most common. The patient has delusions that people are deliberately trying to persecute her, she may well consider herself of exalted birth, or maybe that she's been sent on a special mission by the Government, although she's not always sure what that mission might be.

Jealousy is another unpleasant symptom, together with hearing voices that are either of a threatening tone, or which threaten her directly. Sometimes she smells and tastes things which aren't real.

The onset of this disease is usually between the ages of 15 and 35, and while there's no cure, it can be controlled by conventional medications such as Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol and Stelazine. These drugs became available in the 1950s.

In the last decade, more advanced medications appeared, such as Abilify, Zyprexa, Seroquel and Geodon. However, doctors recommend that if you've been placed on a course of the older drugs, you should stick to them and not try to change.


http://ezinearticles.com/?Paranoid-Schizophrenia,-the-Krays,-and-Freuds-Confusion&id=3625466



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chicogon

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #4 on: March 08, 2011, 05:33:19 AM »
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Lorenzo

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #5 on: March 08, 2011, 06:23:41 AM »
There are various types of Schizophrenia, but Paranoid Schizophrenia is the most common. The patient has delusions that people are deliberately trying to persecute her, she may well consider herself of exalted birth, or maybe that she's been sent on a special mission by the Government, although she's not always sure what that mission might be.

Jealousy is another unpleasant symptom, together with hearing voices that are either of a threatening tone, or which threaten her directly. Sometimes she smells and tastes things which aren't real.

The onset of this disease is usually between the ages of 15 and 35, and while there's no cure, it can be controlled by conventional medications such as Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol and Stelazine. These drugs became available in the 1950s.

In the last decade, more advanced medications appeared, such as Abilify, Zyprexa, Seroquel and Geodon. However, doctors recommend that if you've been placed on a course of the older drugs, you should stick to them and not try to change.


http://ezinearticles.com/?Paranoid-Schizophrenia,-the-Krays,-and-Freuds-Confusion&id=3625466


correction: kining older drugs such as haldol (haloperidol) are not being prescribed anymore because of the negative side effects.

i have patients who were diagnosed with manic depression / schizotypal disorders and we were consulted to ween them off the older typical anti-depressants (such as haldol/haloperidol). these older drugs (typical antidepressants) can cause EPSE (extra pyramidal side effects) such as tarditive dyskinesia.

here in chicago hospital systems, we give psychotic patients atypical anti-depressants; such as fluoxetine, and aripiprazole (also known as abilify). sometimes we also give them anxiolytics such as carbomezapene and diazepam.





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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #6 on: March 08, 2011, 06:26:08 AM »
addendum:


In medicine we also are applying the synergistic effects of psychopharmacology with psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #7 on: March 08, 2011, 08:17:12 AM »
WHAT CAUSES SCHIZOPHRENIA?

There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. Many diseases, such as heart disease, result from an interplay of genetic, behavioral, and other factors; and this may be the case for schizophrenia as well. Scientists do not yet understand all of the factors necessary to produce schizophrenia, but all the tools of modern biomedical research are being used to search for genes, critical moments in brain development, and other factors that may lead to the illness.

Is Schizophrenia Inherited?

It has long been known that schizophrenia runs in families. People who have a close relative with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder than are people who have no relatives with the illness. For example, a monozygotic (identical) twin of a person with schizophrenia has the highest risk – 40 to 50 percent – of developing the illness. A child whose parent has schizophrenia has about a 10 percent chance. By comparison, the risk of schizophrenia in the general population is about 1 percent.

Scientists are studying genetic factors in schizophrenia. It appears likely that multiple genes are involved in creating a predisposition to develop the disorder. In addition, factors such as prenatal difficulties like intrauterine starvation or viral infections, perinatal complications, and various nonspecific stressors, seem to influence the development of schizophrenia. However, it is not yet understood how the genetic predisposition is transmitted, and it cannot yet be accurately predicted whether a given person will or will not develop the disorder.

Several regions of the human genome are being investigated to identify genes that may confer susceptibility for schizophrenia. The strongest evidence to date leads to chromosomes 13 and 6 but remains unconfirmed. Identification of specific genes involved in the development of schizophrenia will provide important clues into what goes wrong in the brain to produce and sustain the illness and will guide the development of new and better treatments. To learn more about the genetic basis for schizophrenia, the NIMH has established a Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative (see Web site at http://www-grb.nimh.nih.gov/gi.html) that is gathering data from a large number of families of people with the illness.

http://www.mental-health-today.com/sphra/schiz.htm

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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #8 on: March 08, 2011, 12:00:50 PM »
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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #9 on: March 08, 2011, 12:36:58 PM »



Bwahaha!  ;D



manic episode?  :-X

tsk tsk, ka luoy pood intawn.

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #10 on: March 08, 2011, 01:30:30 PM »
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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #11 on: March 08, 2011, 01:32:21 PM »
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chicogon

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #12 on: March 09, 2011, 12:37:40 AM »



Papa nimo Enz? Joke ra ha...  ;D


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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #13 on: March 09, 2011, 02:08:58 AM »
addendum:

In medicine we also are applying the synergistic effects of psychopharmacology with psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Dualistic thinking continues to pervade psychoanalytic views of psychopathology. The author points out the shortcomings of this perspective as represented in Mark Swoiskin's article, “Psychoanalysis and Medication: Is Real Integration Possible?” She contends instead that the latest scientific evidence does not support a dichotomy between organic (biological) and psychodynamic (nonbiological) factors in psychopathology. She presents two cases to illustrate both the challenge and the importance of reformulating psychoanalytic views in an integrated, holistic way.

http://www.atypon-link.com/GPI/doi/abs/10.1521/bumc.65.2.160.19397



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #14 on: March 09, 2011, 02:10:34 AM »
Papa nimo Enz? Joke ra ha...  ;D


gadamgo ko nga mora nig si bai lorenz inig ka-doctor na niya. ;D



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Lorenzo

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #15 on: March 09, 2011, 11:41:17 AM »
gadamgo ko nga mora nig si bai lorenz inig ka-doctor na niya. ;D



simbako!  :-X

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #16 on: March 09, 2011, 11:48:22 AM »
Dualistic thinking continues to pervade psychoanalytic views of psychopathology. The author points out the shortcomings of this perspective as represented in Mark Swoiskin's article, “Psychoanalysis and Medication: Is Real Integration Possible?” She contends instead that the latest scientific evidence does not support a dichotomy between organic (biological) and psychodynamic (nonbiological) factors in psychopathology. She presents two cases to illustrate both the challenge and the importance of reformulating psychoanalytic views in an integrated, holistic way.

http://www.atypon-link.com/GPI/doi/abs/10.1521/bumc.65.2.160.19397



For those who support the difference between medicine and classic psychology. There are those who would suggest that the two (alternative medicine) and (medicine) are in different platforms, however, the fact remains that medical doctors still do practice psychotherapy , per se, the behavioral psychiatrists. We have to note that the father of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was himself a practicing MD, Freud.

In medicine, especially treating the many forms of behavioral and cognitive disorders, there has to be an understanding that psychopharmacology is best synergistic with psychotherapy.

case in point: in treating acute manic disorders, GAD (generalized anxiety disorders), panic disorders, phobias, etc.

we usually treat patients who are suicidal, clinically depressed, substance abuse problems by treating the symptoms and then registering them to therapy classes and/or support groups with a certified and licensed group therapist.

thanks for sharing the article tho. a bit biased and one sided tho, imho.



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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #17 on: March 09, 2011, 12:24:10 PM »
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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #18 on: March 09, 2011, 12:28:44 PM »
For those who support the difference between medicine and classic psychology. There are those who would suggest that the two (alternative medicine) and (medicine) are in different platforms, however, the fact remains that medical doctors still do practice psychotherapy , per se, the behavioral psychiatrists. We have to note that the father of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was himself a practicing MD, Freud.

In medicine, especially treating the many forms of behavioral and cognitive disorders, there has to be an understanding that psychopharmacology is best synergistic with psychotherapy.

case in point: in treating acute manic disorders, GAD (generalized anxiety disorders), panic disorders, phobias, etc.

we usually treat patients who are suicidal, clinically depressed, substance abuse problems by treating the symptoms and then registering them to therapy classes and/or support groups with a certified and licensed group therapist.

thanks for sharing the article tho. a bit biased and one sided tho, imho.



another example:

patients who are diagnosed with schizophrenia, they are given standard anti-psychotics as well as anxiolytics.

in addition to this regimen, they also attend therapy and support groups to deal with their cognitive aberration.

two months ago when i was doing my medical psychiatry rotations , i saw patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (catatonic, paranoid etc forms) ; they were given standard regimen but also were attending therapy in addition to the regimen.

just to add lang ha.

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #19 on: March 09, 2011, 12:30:10 PM »





tsk tsk tsk, a poor therapeutic reinforcement. poor psychologist and poor psychiatrist sigoro ning author.  :-X



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #20 on: March 13, 2011, 02:51:20 PM »
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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #21 on: March 14, 2011, 12:50:19 AM »
thanks for sharing the article tho. a bit biased and one sided tho, imho.

most welcome.  the mentioned article, i suppose, is a research-based bias, just as your own stand is a biased one, hopefully research-based as well though you didn't mention it.



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #22 on: March 14, 2011, 12:52:09 AM »
simbako!  :-X

sige lang god.  don't be biased... hehehe. ;D



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #23 on: March 14, 2011, 12:54:53 AM »
sige lang god.  don't be biased... hehehe. ;D



a bahala ka, basta di ko lagi. ;)

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #24 on: March 14, 2011, 01:04:52 AM »
I stopped taking my medications. ;D


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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #25 on: March 14, 2011, 01:09:37 AM »
I stopped taking my medications. ;D


bwahaha. ay sus marihosep. non-compliant patient diay ni. :P

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #26 on: March 14, 2011, 01:11:02 AM »



 :P



Tsk, tsk..



jawa'a, kining tawhana wa ning inom sa ijang Valproic Acid.

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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #27 on: March 19, 2011, 06:50:57 PM »
Fregoli delusion

The Fregoli delusion or Fregoli syndrome is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes their appearance or is in disguise. Often this belief is of a paranoid nature with the delusional person believing that they are being persecuted by the person whom they believe to be following them.

The condition is named after the Italian actor Leopold Fregoli who was renowned for his ability to make quick changes of appearance during his stage act.

It was first reported in a paper by Courbon and Fail in 1927. They discussed the case study of a 27-year old woman who believed she was being persecuted by two actors who she often went to see at the theatre. She believed that these people "pursued her closely, taking the form of people she knows or meets".

The Fregoli delusion is classed as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places or objects. Like Capgras delusion, it is thought to be related to a breakdown in normal face recognition processes.

http://neohumanism.org/



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #28 on: March 19, 2011, 06:58:34 PM »



Signs and symptoms of Fregoli's:

    * delusions
    * visual memory deficit
    * deficit in self-monitoring
    * deficit in self-awareness
    * hallucinations
    * deficit in executive functions
    * deficit in cognitive flexibility
    * history of seizure activity
    * epileptogenic activity

More at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fregoli_delusion



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #29 on: March 19, 2011, 07:01:00 PM »
Fregoli delusion

The Fregoli delusion or Fregoli syndrome is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes their appearance or is in disguise. Often this belief is of a paranoid nature with the delusional person believing that they are being persecuted by the person whom they believe to be following them.

The condition is named after the Italian actor Leopold Fregoli who was renowned for his ability to make quick changes of appearance during his stage act.

It was first reported in a paper by Courbon and Fail in 1927. They discussed the case study of a 27-year old woman who believed she was being persecuted by two actors who she often went to see at the theatre. She believed that these people "pursued her closely, taking the form of people she knows or meets".

The Fregoli delusion is classed as a delusional misidentification syndrome, a class of delusional beliefs that involves the misidentification of people, places or objects. Like Capgras delusion, it is thought to be related to a breakdown in normal face recognition processes.

http://neohumanism.org/





Is there any theraphy for this disorder?

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #30 on: March 20, 2011, 01:00:25 PM »
kinsa diay na tala?

aw eh thread nis parti sa mga nahiral? :-)

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #31 on: March 20, 2011, 01:20:47 PM »
And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself: whatsoever we have heard done in Capernaum, do also here in thy country.

--Luke 4:23,King James Bible

:)



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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #32 on: April 22, 2011, 08:25:31 AM »
...than to speak out and remove all doubt." - Abraham Lincoln

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #33 on: April 23, 2011, 09:07:11 AM »
...than to speak out and remove all doubt." - Abraham Lincoln

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #34 on: April 23, 2011, 10:20:01 AM »
βυγσαψ

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hubag bohol

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #35 on: April 23, 2011, 04:20:37 PM »

He he, normal ra ba pud kaha ang mamalikas...

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #36 on: June 17, 2011, 05:55:12 PM »
...than to speak out and remove all doubt." - Abraham Lincoln

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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #37 on: June 19, 2011, 05:50:42 AM »
Risperdal Recalled Due To Strange Smell
18 Jun 2011 - 9:00 PDT


Approximately 16,000 bottles of schizophrenia drug - Risperdal - have been recalled by Johnson & Johnson company, Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. because of an "uncharacteristic odor".

The smell is thought to be caused by traces of a byproduct of a chemical preservative which is applied to wooden pallets - 2, 4, 6 tribromoanisole (TBA). The company says TBA is not toxic, but can give off an unpleasant smell. A very small number of patients may experience temporary gastrointestinal symptoms.

The company is recalling:

    One lot of Risperdal (risperidone) 3 mg tablets marketed by Janssen Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    One lot of risperidone 2 mg tablets marketed by Patriot Pharmaceuticals, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Johnson & Johnson says it instituted several actions to reduce TBA contamination risk.

The recalled Risperdal lot was shipped between 27th August 2010 and 15th February 2011. The company believes there are about 1,600 bottles of Risperdal from this lot still in the marketplace.

The recalled respiredone lot involves about 24,000 bottles and was shipped between 10th November, 2010 and 1st January, 2011. Fewer than 1,200 bottles are thought to still be in the marketplace.

Description of recalled products:

    RISPERDAL® (risperidone) Tablets 3mg Bottles of 60 Tablets
    NDC Code - 50458-330-06. Lot Number - 0GG904. Expiry - May 2012
    Risperidone Tablets 2mg Bottles of 60 Tablets
    NDC Code - 50458-593-60. Lot Number - OlG175. Expiry - August 2012


More at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/228950.php


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Re: Schizophrenia
« Reply #38 on: September 09, 2011, 05:26:30 PM »
...than to speak out and remove all doubt." - Abraham Lincoln

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