MikeLigalig.com

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6OG3SLqLCw#ws
Pacquiao vs Cotto Entire Fight

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb6wo_XTuw0#
Too Young to Have a Baby

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CqFBhVj2u64#
World's Biggest Snake is in Bohol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHFYDKAOBF4#
Feeding Fish in Bohol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m9eWeBTcdA#
Snorkel in Bohol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxPKrvR2dso#ws
Scuba Diving in Bohol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZFsbMVCeWQ#ws
Visit Bohol Island

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQlGPk83i4w#ws
Going to Bohol

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyncxdFCoDM#
Bohol Tourism Success: A Documentary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcyPfyAUSbM#ws
Bohol Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v5LHodUKdQ#
Danao Bohol Adventure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_lULKXvXgY#
Bohol Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZJYvZLFVg0#
Jesus Take the Wheel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcR8N_v0ymQ#
Jesus Take the Wheel by Carriee Underwood

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Buy-jy6otMk#
I Miss You by Miley Cyrus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrL8ndJRgcQ#
Butterfly Fly Away

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9S7eySSAfc#ws
Bohol Tours

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7UFm6ErMPU#ws
Like Adele

ang silot hubz: ug ba-yot, putlan ug dila, ug laki, putlan ug pikoy.

The Continuing Threat of Libyan Missiles
By Scott Stewart

In March 2011, while many of the arms depots belonging to the government of Libya were being looted, we wrote about how the weapons taken from Libyan government stockpiles could end up being used to fuel violence in the region and beyond. Since then, we have seen Tuareg militants, who were previously employed by the regime of former Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi, leave Libya with sizable stockpiles of weapons and return to their homes in northern Mali, where they have successfully wrested control of the region away from the Malian government.

These Tuareg militants were aided greatly in their battle against the government by the hundreds of light pickup trucks mounted with crew-served heavy weapons that they looted from Libyan depots. These vehicles, known as "technicals," permitted the Tuareg rebels to outmaneuver and at times outgun the Malian military. Moreover, we have recently received reports that Tuareg rebels also brought back a sizable quantity of SA-7b shoulder fired surface-to-air missiles, also known as man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS).

welcome back, Ate Sol. nice to see you again here in tubagbohol.

Cebu Pacific Promo May 2012

what you did was not wrong. it was evil.

ROME, May 4 (PNA/Xinhua) -- An Italian Catholic priest was sentenced in the northern city of Genoa on Thursday to nine and a half years in prison for child sex abuse and attempting to recruit minors into prostitution.

Father Riccardo Seppia from the nearby town of Sastri Ponente was also ordered to pay a fine of 28,000 euros (36,821 U.S. dollars) for his crimes that have rocked the Catholic Church in Italy.

The prosecution had requested a longer sentence of almost 12 years.

Seppia has been in jail since he was arrested in May last year on paedophilia charges and alleged cocaine use when investigators revealed recordings of tapped phone calls in which Seppia told a drug dealer to arrange sexual encounters with minors.

Before being sentenced on Thursday, Seppia, a parish priest in the village of Sastri Ponente, asked for forgiveness in a prepared statement, saying that what he had done was "wrong."

"I ask forgiveness for my moral behavior because I made mistakes," the statement said. "I made a mistake conducting myself in that way."

The Catholic Church in Savona recently began offering priests a course designed to stop paedophilia after Seppia's child abuse sex scandal left the community shocked and shaken.

Seppia's case was particularly damaging as Genoa Archbishop Angelo Bagnasco, who is also head of the Italian Bishops Conference, had been working with Pope Benedict XVI to establish tough new international guidelines on how bishops should handle clerical sex abuse.

Referring to tapped telephone conversations, investigators alleged that Seppia asked for sexual encounters with young and vulnerable boys.

"I do not want 16-year-old boys but younger," he allegedly said. "Fourteen-year-olds are alright. Look for needy boys who have family problems."

The bishop for Savona-Noli, Monsignor Vittorio Lupi, recently sent a letter to priests, teachers and others involved in church activities or associations to promote the new course to improve awareness and stop clerical sexual abuse.

The Catholic Church has suffered from the widespread impact of sex abuse scandals around the world in countries including the United States, Ireland, Belgium, Germany and Austria and has been accused of failing to take enough action to tackle the problem or bring those responsible to justice.

Two investigations led by prosecutor Giovanni Battista Ferro are currently being conducted into pedophilia in Catholic dioceses in Savona and surrounding areas.

They include a number of sexual abuse claims that allegedly took place between the early 1990s and 2000.

Scarborough Shoal is very near Luzon. China's next move is to invade the Philippines. Where are the arrogant Filipino senators who kicked out the US Military Base?

by pna

The recent significant strides in the Philippines are due to “better governance and partnerships” of the administration of President Benigno Aquino III, Vice President Jejomar C, Binay posited on Wednesday.

“With President Aquino at the helm, significant strides continue to be made in our journey towards development,” the Vice President said at the opening of the Philippine Corporate and Investment Pavilion (PCI Pavilion) in nearby Paranaque City.

He mentioned the evaluation of noted institutions such as the World Economic Forum. "Our admirable progress as noted by Transparency International, the World Economic Forum and even the U.S. Department of State, spurs us to widen the scope of our efforts and to engage more stakeholders so as to secure endurance and sustainability.”

Binay outlined some of the progress in key industries that drive “inclusive growth” and mentioned the country's drive to reduce corruption and promote transparency through partnerships with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and civil society groups.

The PCI Pavilion is one of the event highlights of the Philippine hosting of the three-day 45th Annual Meeting of the ADB Board of Governors which starts on Thursday.

Binay enumerated: The Philippines remains among the world’s top 10 exporters of tropical fruits like mangoes, bananas, and pineapples, and is currently strengthening the growth of more high-value crops.

The country is also the 8th largest fish producer in the world, and the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry is rising faster.

like books, the best-sellers are not the best books out there but the most marketed books. it's all marketing trash.

by PNA

Some 50 persons were rushed to the different hospitals in La Union on Monday, few hours after partaking the food served during the banquet for a newly-wedded couple in Barangay Upper San Agustin in Bauang town.

The victims, who include men, women and children, partook in the food served during the wedding of Kathlyn Hipona and Francisco Aquino.

It was learned that the couple were among 18 pairs who participated in a mass wedding held inside Bauang Church as part of the current fiesta of the town.

But a few hours after joining the banquet, most persons who partook the food suffered nausea, vomiting, stomach pains and were weakening.

Mayor Eulogio Martin de Guzman III ordered the investigation of the incident to determine the cause of the food poisoning.

A report stated that initially, Dr. Luzmininda Monico of the Naguilian District Hospital tagged the intake of spoiled food taken by the victims caused by excessive heat of summer prevailing as the reason for the food poisoning.

By Ben Cal

BACOOR, Cavite, May 2 (PNA Features) -â€" At 95, retired Army Col. Vicente F. Alhambra, a veteran of three wars -â€" World War II, Korean War and the Hukbalahap anti-insurgency campaign has revealed his secret to longevity and how he survived against all odds, including the infamous “Bataan Death March” unscathed with God on his side.

“Remain active but most of all be prayerful,” Alhambra told this writer in an exclusive interview at his posh residential compound in Barangay Niñog II here on Tuesday four days before the 67th anniversary of the Fall of Corregidor on May 6.

Corregidor is the rocky island fortress off Cavite where the last of the American and Filipino soldiers stood their ground under heavy bombardment by Japanese aircraft and artillery for 27 days after Bataan surrendered on April 9, 1942.

It was the big guns at Corregidor Island that delayed the Japanese timetable of capturing Bataan in a blitzkrieg-like offensive that enabled then President Manuel L. Quezon and Gen. Douglas MacArthur, overall commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific, to escape to Australia en route to the United States in 1942.

Present during the interview was retired Lt. Gen. Ernesto G. Carolina, administrator of the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), who came to visit Alhambra and to see for himself the robust health of the former guerrilla fighter.

Alhambra walks without a cane and talks without stammering. His eyes are still clear, using only the reading glasses sparingly. Most of all, his memory can still recall what happened during the Second World War, including the identification of photos he has kept in his albums about the war and other activities while still in the active military service.

To prove his sharpness, he related in detail his war exploits during World War II, Korean War and Huk campaign in the mid ‘50s.

Alhambra’s appetite for hard work in military precision is still intact even in the twilight of his years.

To manifest his stamina, Alhambra made a guided tour for Carolina and other visitors to see the fruit trees he planted over the years such as mango, calamansi, sampaloc, santol and other ornaments around his compound.

“I water them everyday,” he said, smiling.

In fact, Alhambra was proud to point out a mango tree planted by his parents 100 years ago.

“It is still bearing fruits,” Alhambra said.

He snoozes at 9pm after praying and is up at 5a.m. and after his morning prayer of thanksgiving to start the new day and take a hearty breakfast to keep him fit and healthy.

Alhambra, who in his heydays as a young man can qualify as an actor, looks 20 years younger than his present age.

“My simple formula to long life is to be always active day in and day out tending my garden, my poultry and doing other chores in the house to keep me busy. I also read my mails and the newspapers to keep me abreast of the news,” Alhambra.

“But, most of all, I always pray to God for protection,” Alhambra said, which he said is his secret weapon, especially during World War II as a soldier and guerrilla fighter, the Korean War in 1950-53 and the fight against the Huks.”

A graduate of the Philippine Military Academy (PMA) class of 1942, Alhambra and all his classmates were automatically drafted into the military service three months before graduation when World War II broke out following the bombing of the Philippines by Japanese planes on Dec. 8, 1941.

He said the entire PMA class of 1942 that included Jose Crisol who became defense undersecretary in post war years reported to Armed Forces chief of staff Gen. Mariano Castaneda for immediate deployment to fight the invading Japanese forces.

“We were the first PMA class called to active duty,” Alhambra who looks in perfect health said with pride in his eyes.

He recalled that Japanese warplanes bombed Baguio and Cavite where US naval forces were stationed at Sangley Point.

Alhambra said he was enlisted into the 2nd Regular Division of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) assigned in Mariveles, Bataan.

It was in Bataan that the bulk of Filipino and American forces stood their ground to defend the Philippines until they were forced to surrender on April 9, 1942 due to shortage of ammunition, food and medicines to sustain the Japanese onslaught.

Alhambra vividly described the fall of Bataan as a sad day as he and his comrades-in-arms became prisoners of war (POWs) of the Japanese forces.

He said he was lucky that he did not get sick during the Death March from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga and during his incarceration in Capas, Tarlac that lasted for several months before he and other POWs were freed.

Alhambra said “as many as 500 POWs died a day due to malaria in the concentration camp. It was horrible!”

“While I was held a prisoner of war, a woman friend of mine gave me a mosquito net. The mosquito net was handed to a friend who, in turn, gave it to me inside my cell.” Alhambra said.

Alhambra also recalled the lack of food inside the concentration camp.

“We survived eating ‘tinapa’ if at all it was available,” Alhambra said, adding “we were lucky to eat once a day and that would suffice for our breakfast, lunch and dinner rolled into one.”

When liberation came, Alhambra found himself locked in battle this time against the Huks insurgents in Central Luzon.

Again he survived but at the height of the insurgency campaign, Alhambra volunteered as a member of the 10th Battalion Combat Team (BCT) of the Philippine Expedition Force to Korea (PEFTOK), together with then 2nd Lt. Fidel V. Ramos who later became the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines in 1992-98, and then First Sergeant Maximo P. Young, a be-medaled Filipino soldier during the Korean War.

“The Korean War was brutal,” Alhambra said.

“But it was during the Korean War that proved again the bravery of the Filipino soldiers, who refused to back down against the wave by wave attacks by the enemy,” Alhambra proudly pointed out during the interview.

The PEFTOK forces were highly trained in combat that of the 7,425 Filipino soldiers who fought in the Korean War, PEFTOK lost only 1,170 men.

Alhambra retired in 1967 as a colonel in the Philippine Constabulary.

As a war veteran pensioner, Alhambra goes to the PVAO office in Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City to get his monthly pension.

Still very sharp and witty at 95 years old, Alhambra said he will continue his daily routine of watering the trees he planted and doing other household chores and continue his prayers until the Lord calls him to His eternal Kingdom. (PNA Features)
DCT/RBC/utb

Ngano Ang Mga Babaye Magpakiskis ug Kilay?
God designed your kilay to be that way. Ngano kiskisan man?

by Agence France Presse (AFP)

Canadian popstar Justin Bieber on Monday tweeted his love for Indonesia, after enraging fans in the world’s fifth most populous nation by referring to it as “some random country”.

“One rumor I wont stand for is saying what me and my fans have isnt real. Indonesia I see you. i love u. I love ALL MY FANS,” a post on the official @justinbieber Twitter account said.

Fans in Indonesia â€" a country of 240 million people with the third-largest Facebook community in the world and the fifth-biggest number of Twitter accounts â€" were angered on hearing how Bieber had referred to their nation.

“I was in some random country,” British tabloid Daily Mirror quoted the 18-year-old as saying last week, when explaining where one of his new tracks was produced.

by NBA.com

For a franchise that hasn't won a playoff game in 11 years and is exactly two games over .500 over the last two seasons, the New York Knicks certainly make a lot of headlines.

The latest came Monday night, when Amar'e Stoudemire lacerated his left hand punching a glass door to a fire extinguisher in the wake of the Knicks' 104-94 loss to the Miami Heat in Game 2 of their first-round series. A true SMH moment.

It was quite a scene at AmericanAirlines Arena. Paramedics were rushed to the Knicks' locker room with a stretcher in tow. When the room was finally opened to the media, there was blood on the floor and Stoudemire was nowhere to be found. Later, he was seen leaving the building with a bandage around his hand and his arm in a sling.

source: blacksportsonline.com

“The main reason why VQ was hired to look into the missing money was because Manny believed that his fight promoter was not paying him his fair share,” a recent press release, distributed by Michael Lodge, President and CEO of VisionQwest Resources Group, stated. It also shockingly revealed that prior to their involvment, the financial records of the 8-divison world championwere in complete disarray, simply made up of hand-written notes, a series of unorganized emails, and six boxes of receipts. According to the press release, up until VisionQwest was hired in 2010, Pacquiao’s taxes were handled by several different accountants who “simply plugged in numbers supplied by Michael Koncz into the taxation forms and filed them with the IRS”. Evidently, as Pacquiao’s popularity, and more importantly his income, continued to grow, a red flag was raised that prompted the IRS to audit his taxes for the years 2006 and 2007. At that point, Team Pacquiao reached out to VisionQwest to help resolve their tax issues.

Once VisionQwest got involved, the company quickly realized that Manny Pacquiao had no true knowledge of his finanical worth, missing a number of key documents, including “bout contracts, bank statements, bout proceed distributions, endorsement contracts, promoter contracts, co-promoter contracts, and property ownership records” to name a few. At that point, the company began their investigation, agreeing not to request any fees upfront due to the fact that Pacquiao and Koncz informed them that there was a lack of funds and they would be unable to pay until they received either tax refunds or advances for future bouts. Moving forward, VisionQwest attempted to gather all the necessary documentation from Top Rank Promotions, however, what they were given was not enough to fully gain a complete understanding of revenue generated from Pacquiao’s bouts. In a nutshell, Bob Arum and Top Rank became difficult to work with and “would not respond to requests for documentation and answers to questions”.

That being said, from the limited documentation they were able to gather, VisionQwest’s staff discovered “various accounting issues” and became concerned with the a number of questions that remained unanswered. Evidently, they became even more concerned when they discovered “ridiculous amounts of money” being paid to Michael Koncz and, according to the press release, discovered that he was working on behalf of Top Rank, as well as Pacquiao. Soon after these discoveries, representatives of Top Rank no longer responded to inquiries from VisionQwest, however, the company was able to gather documentation for the Nevada State Athletic commission that verified the inconsistencies in reporting. Upon presenting these findings, Pacquiao evidently became upset and informed VisionQwest that he would take the issue up with Top Rank and Michael Koncz, however, he did not want to take any legal actions prior to receiving an advance from Top Rank Promotions for his November 12 bout with Juan Manuel Marquez.

Pacquiao’s instructions were to take no action until September 1, so at that point, VisionQwest put their investigation on hold, presenting Pacquiao with a bill for their services performed thus far. They also expected to be reimbursed for money that was borrowed from them in order to purchase Michael Koncz a home in Orange County. Instead of getting paid, however, the company was later fired by Pacquiao, and they have yet to receive any payments for any of the work that they did.

who is from Pilar, Bohol here? hope you could provide the needed information. thanks.

comment from fighthype.com: Manny Pacquiao has no idea all these years how much he is earning because Top Rank keeps everything in the dark... luoy pud intawon si Manny Pacquiao...

SO THE PEOPLE MAY KNOW HOW MANNY PACQUIAO IS BEING ROBBED
Official Statement of VisionQwest, a US-based Accounting Firm:

Prior to 2010, Manny Pacquiao ("Manny") and MP Promotions, USA, Inc. ("MP") never had a full time accountant or a bookkeeper, and did not have a full time accounting firm.  Michael Koncz is the business advisor of both Manny and MP and he has no accounting degrees or training, yet he is in charge of their finances.  For every year, before Manny and MP hired VQ for their accounting needs, they would hire different accountants who simply plugged in numbers supplied by Michael Koncz into the taxation forms and filed them with the IRS, without any backup or reconciliation.  Due to this mode of operation on the part of Michael Koncz, Manny and MP had audits issued against them for at least two prior years (2006, 2007).

In 2010, Koncz and Team Pacquiao reached out to VQ, desperately needing their help.  VQ has several businesses including accounting and tax services.  VQ services cover at least two continents and have gained a lot of notoriety amongst its clients and the public as well.  Many well known Filipinos  have used VQ's accounting and business advisory services because the staff are honest, focused, licensed and get the job done in a timely and professional manner.

VQ's management accepted the representation of Manny and MP.  Contracts were entered into for the following issues:

Personal income and Corporate Tax returns needed to be filed.

Tax Audits had been issued as well as tax levies which needed immediate attention.

A complete overhaul of Manny and MP's financial records and bookkeeping needed to be implemented because there were no records other than six boxes of receipts, hand written notes, and e-mails which were not kept in any order with no designations.

Manny and MP did not have any important documents in their possession, like bout contracts, bank statements, bout proceed distributions, endorsement contracts, promoter contracts, co-promoter contracts, property ownership records,  and many other important documents which would enable VQ's staff to perform their duties.
The parties entered into two (2) accounting service contracts which detailed the work and fees related to the services to be performed.  VQ has licenses and is accredited for any service offered or provided to Manny and MP under the contracts.   Manny signed a Power of attorney on behalf of VQ because it was absolutely necessary to enable VQ's staff to obtain the necessary documents as outlined above.  All accounting contracts and Power of Attorneys were in accordance to accounting requirements to represent the client(s) and bank needs to gather and respond to documentation.   At all times, Manny and MP were well protected via the legal instruments entered into.

You have to understand; Manny is never available and was almost non-existent during the time that VQ was representing both him and his company.  It would have been impossible for VQ to conduct accounting and tax audit work without the power of attorney nor would the banks have given VQ any of the documents that where needed.  Bank statements are needed to reconcile the in and out of funds for accounting (to record income and expenses) and to reconcile to the bout contracts.  Again, Manny would not be bothered and Koncz was generally not available and mostly useless.  Manny also signed a power of attorney for use with the IRS, which again was absolutely necessary for the audits and required by the IRS.  Finally, with regards to the contracts, Manny and MP signed a contingency agreement with VQ which authorized VQ to pursue any monies which were missing or owed to them.  VQ would not have been able to perform this specific task without the power of attorneys issued to VQ.  The main reason why VQ was hired to look into the missing money was because Manny believed that his fight promoter was not paying him his fair share. 

During the course of his contractual relationship with Top Rank, Manny had never had anyone review the bout Income Statements generated by Top Rank.  The contracts gave Manny the right to review these income statements and he had chosen not to do so prior to hiring VQ.  MANNY AND MP HAVE BUSINESS ADVISORS, AND ATTORNEYS WHO REVIEW EVERYTHING THEY SIGN, ESPECIALLY CONTRACTS, THEY ALL ACKNOWLEDGED AND APPROVED THE CONTRACTS AND POWER OF ATTORNEYS THAT WHERE SIGNED BY MANNY.

Manny and Mike Koncz both requested VQ not to charge him upfront for our fees and costs because they claimed that there was a lack of funds.  We agreed that VQ would be paid from the funds from any tax refund or fight advances that Manny may receive, any available funds.  Please understand, Manny was being audited and levies had been instituted against him and MP.  VQ and its staff knew that Manny may not have been entitled to a refund or that it may take a very long time due to ongoing tax audits and significant tax issues; however Manny and MP needed our help so we agreed to be paid once a tax refund was received or from bout advances received. 

We started compiling records and building files for Manny and MP.  We were able to get the audits under control and to stop the seizure and levies taking place before we took over.    However, to be able to completely do our job, we needed for Manny's boxing promoter, Top Rank, Inc. to provide a lot of documents that where in their possession.  From the beginning of the review and examination in late 2010 of Top Rank Bout income statements, Top Rank, Inc. and its majority owner Bob Arum provided us with minor documentation, then in 2011 became very hard to work with and would not respond to requests for documentation and answers to questions.  From the documents that were furnished, VQ and its staff were able to decipher various accounting issues and we were very concerned that there were considerable un-answered questions regarding the recording of revenue (through a verification processes with outside companies) and their expenses.  We were also able to indentify ridiculous amounts of money being paid to Michael Koncz and the fact that Michael Koncz  not only worked for Manny and MP but Top Rank, Inc. as well.

In the last months of our representation of Manny and MP, we continuously requested documents from Top Rank, Inc. and we were denied at every instance.  At a certain point, Top Rank, Inc. was no longer responding to our requests.  We were able to obtain some documents from the Nevada Athletic Commission to verify inconsistencies in reporting and documentation.

At this point of time, roughly in mid 2011, our relationship with Top Rank, Inc. and Michael Koncz was non-existent.  The IRS issued a refund check dated June 24, 2011.  VQ's senior staff flew to and met with Manny in the Philippines and delivered to him the tax refund check and they discussed their findings pertaining to Top Rank, Inc. and Michael Koncz.  Manny was distraught and after reviewing the documentation, Manny agreed to pursue Top Rank, Inc. as well as Michael Koncz.  However, Manny requested that no legal action take place until Manny received his advance for his upcoming fight in November 2011 from Top Rank, Inc. and to take no action until September 1, 2011.  VQ's staff requested payment and again presented Manny with billing for their services that had been performed on his behalf and Manny stated that he would deposit the check and then wire the funds. 

Since the last meeting with Manny where he received his check, VQ has not received any payment for any of their accounting and tax audit work performed, nor has Manny even paid back money he and Mike Koncz borrowed from VQ to help purchase a home for Mike Koncz in Orange County, California.  VisionQwest has always remained in compliance with their contracts to Manny and MP and performed their work professionally.

Manny Pacquiao topped the list of 10 richest House members last year.

That list included Negros Occidental Representative Alberto Benitez, who was worth P624.847 million; Ilocos Norte Representative Imelda Marcos, who was worth P623.6 million; Negros Occidental Representative Julio Ledesma, P555.069 million; and Leyte Representative Ferdinand Martin Romualdez, worth P475.611 million.

Also in the top 10 were Iloilo Representative Augusto Syjuco, worth P294.602 million; Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr., worth P283.291 million; Tarlac Representative Enrique Cojuangco, P199.593 million; Ilocos Norte Representative Rodolfo Fariñas, P195.78 million; and Iloilo Representative Ferjenel Biron, P165.996 million.

Former President and Pampanga Representative Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was the 17th richest representative with a net worth of P140.212 million.

source: PDI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNwsU0Of7bk#ws
Apocalypto: Free Entire Movie

from Island Rose newsletter sent via email:
Dear Members,

It's that time of the year when we give thanks and honor mothers all around the world.

Each of us have our own way of celebrating this day but the theme remains the same, and that is to pay tribute to that special woman in our lives. Now is our chance to pamper our moms and spoil her with fresh flowers and sweet gifts.

Mother's day will be on Sunday, May 13, 2012. Avoid the Mother's day rush, reserve your flowers and gifts as early as today.

She deserves the best on this occasion; have a bunch of farm-fresh flowers delivered right to her doorstep.

Wishing you a life full of lasting relationships.

Sincerely,

Dustin Andaya
Chief Executive Officer

Treat your mom like a queen this mother's day by giving her the royal treatment she deserves. Send her Royale, our delightful combination of lavender and yellow roses that will surely make her day extra special.

A mother can take the place of all the others but whose place no one else can take. Let mom know how much you value and appreciate her by sending her our "World's Best Mom" Limited Edition Messenger Bear.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEmv9wWPZsM#
Bisaya Movie: Apocalypse

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
New Theoretical Directions
 
Intense controversy surrounds new generations of archaeological theory that draw on evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, and studies that focus on the acts of individuals rather than impersonal cultural processes.

New, highly sophisticated evolutionary theories that combine ecological models with biological and cultural developments are likely to dominate the study of early prehistory. As far as later prehistory is concerned, we can expect a new emphasis on research into changing gender roles in ancient societies and into ethnic diversity in complex societies.   

Of concern, also, are the different ways in which Western and non-Western societies conceive of archaeology and the past, for fundamental cultural and ideological differences can affect the ways in which one interprets the archaeological record.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Culture as Adaptation
 
This common approach thinks of human cultures as cultural systems interacting with their natural environmentsâ€"environmental systems of which they are part. Culture as adaptation is concerned not only with the evolution of prehistoric cultures but also with reconstructing ancient environments and ways in which past cultures made their living.   

At the core of this paradigm is the notion of multilinear cultural evolution, multiple-branched evolution that saw highly diverse human societies evolve from the simple to the more complex in many different ways. It is also based on the doctrines of cultural ecology, which think of human cultures as systems interacting with other human cultures, the biotic community, and the physical environment over long periods of time.   

Proponents of culture-as-adaptation theories argue that each human society pursues its own evolutionary course, determined by the long-term success of its adaptation, via technology and social institutions, to the natural environment. 

Culture as adaptation is now widely accepted as a general framework for the study of human prehistory.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Theoretical Approaches to Prehistory
 
Archaeologists study human prehistory within broad theoretical frameworks. Such theoretical approaches are a means for looking beyond the facts and material objects from archaeological sites for explanations of cultural developments and changes that took place during the remote past.   

Two broad theoretical approaches dominate interpretative thinking:
Culture History
 
Culture-historical approaches are based on systematic descriptions of sites, artifacts, and entire cultural sequences. Culture history is based on studies of archaeological context in time and space. Such studies are the backbone of all archaeological research and provide us with the chronology of human prehistory. They also give us data on the broad distributions of human cultures through the Old and the New World over more than 2.5 million years. No more sophisticated theoretical approaches can exist without this culture-historical background.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
Subdividing Prehistoric Times
 
The 2.5 million years of human prehistory have seen a brilliant diversity of human societies, both simple and complex, flourish at different times throughout the world. Ever since the early 19th century, archaeologists have tried with varying degrees of success to subdivide prehistory into meaningful general subdivisions.

The most durable subdivisions of the prehistoric past were devised by Danish archaeologist Christian Jurgensen Thomson in 1806. His Three Age System, based on finds from prehistoric graves, subdivided prehistory into three ages based on technological achievement: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. This scheme has been proven to have some general validity in the Old World and is still used as a broad label to this day. However, the term Stone Age has little more than technological significance, for it means that a society does not have the use of metals of any kind. Stone Age has no chronological significance, for although societies without metal vanished in the Near East after 4000 B.C., some still flourish in New Guinea to this day. We only use the Three Age System in the most general way here.

Sometimes, the three ages are subdivided further. The Stone Age, for example, is conventionally divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic, or Old Stone Age (Greek: from palaios, old; and from lithos, stone), which applies to societies who used chipped-stone technology; the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), which is a transitional period; and the Neolithic (New Stone Age), when people used polished stone artifacts and were farmers. However, only the term Palaeolithic remains in common use, as Mesolithic and Neolithic have proved increasingly meaningless, even if they occasionally appear in specialist and popular literature.

New World archaeologists have never used the Three Age System, largely because in the Americas, metallurgy of any kind had limited distribution. They tend to use more local terms, defined at intervals in these pages.

In recent years, archaeologists have tried to classify prehistoric societies on the basis of political and social development. They subdivide all human societies into two broad categories: prestate and state-organized societies.

Prestate societies are invariably small-scale, based on the community, band, or village. Many prestate societies are bands, associations of families that may not exceed 25 to 60 people, the dominant form of social organization for most hunter-gatherers from the earliest times up to the origins of farming. Clusters of bands linked by clans, groups of people linked by common ancestral ties, are labeled tribes. Chiefdoms are societies headed by individuals with unusual ritual, political, or entrepreneurial skills, and are often hard to distinguish from tribes. Such societies are still kin-based, but power is concentrated in the hands of powerful kin leaders responsible for redistributing food and other commodities through society.

Chiefdoms tend to have higher population densities and vary greatly in their elaboration. For example, Tahitian chiefs in the Society Islands of the South Pacific presided over elaborate, constantly bickering chiefdoms, frequently waging war against their neighbors. 

State-organized societies operate on a large scale, with a centralized political and social organization, distinct social and economic classes, and large food surpluses created by intensive farming, often employing irrigation agriculture. Such complex societies were ruled by a tiny elite class, who held monopolies over strategic resources and used force and religious power to enforce their authority. Such social organization was typical of the world's preindustrial civilizations, civilizations that functioned with technologies that did not rely on fossil fuels like coal.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
Interpretation
 
Interpretation of artifacts and food remains provides clues as to ancient human behavior. Archaeologists use three major approaches to interpretation: ethnographic analogy, ethnoarchaeology, and controlled experimentation.

Sometimes analogies between living societies and those of the prehistoric past can yield fruitful insights. Such difficult analogies must be carried out under carefully controlled conditions. For example, comparisons of present Inuit harpoons from the Canadian Arctic can sometimes give insights into prehistoric bone artifacts from the same region, even those manufactured a thousand years earlier.

Some archaeologists have employed ethnoarchaeology, living for long periods among surviving hunter-gatherer and subsistence-farming societies like the San hunter-gatherers of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. Such studies provide data for controlled interpretation of the dynamics of ancient hunter-gatherer life or early agriculture.

Controlled experimentation with ancient technology can yield valuable information. For instance, by replicating the stoneworking techniques used by prehistoric peoples, some prehistorians have been able to reconstruct minute details of ancient stone technology, even establishing that some very early humans were left handed!

source: The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
Food Remains
 
How did prehistoric peoples make their living? The answer comes not only from artifacts like stone axes and digging sticks, but from food remains of all kinds. Animal bones provide valuable information on hunting practices, on herding and management of domesticated animals, and on butchery techniques. For example, a band of Paleo-Indian hunters drove a large bison herd into a gully at Olsen-Chubbock, Colorado, in 6000 B.C.E. By analyzing the thousands of bison bones in the gully, archaeologists have managed to reconstruct the standardized butchery techniques the Indians used after the hunt.

Plant remains survive at many sites and can be recovered by using flotation techniques, that is, floating soil samples through water and fine screens and collecting the light seeds from the surface while the residue falls away. Ancient seeds show us that foraging for wild plant foods was of vital importance to human societies from the earliest times. They also provide insights into ancient agricultural techniques, into the cereal and root crops that sustained early farming societies and early industrial civilizations for thousands of years. Fish bones, freshwater shells, and seashells, as well as artifacts and ancient rock paintings, tell us much about prehistoric subsistence patterns.

Reconstructing actual prehistoric diets is much harder, for differential preservation of food remains causes many foods to be underrepresented in the archaeological record. Desiccated human feces found in dry caves in western North America have told us much about prehistoric Indian diets as early as 6,000 years ago. Sophisticated carbon isotope analyses use the ratios between two stable carbon isotopesâ€"C-12 and C-13â€"in animal tissues to establish the diets of prehistoric populations as they switched from wild plant foods to a predominantly cereal diet.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Analysis and Interpretation
 
For every month of excavation there is at least six months' laboratory analysisâ€"a long process of classifying, analyzing, and interpreting the finds from the dig. Such finds come in many forms. Stone tools, clay potsherds, and other artifacts tell us much about the technology of our forebears. Broken animal bones, seeds, shells, and other food remains, even desiccated human feces, are a mine of information on ancient subsistence, and sometimes diet. All of these finds are combined to produce a reconstruction of human behavior at the site.
 
Analysis of Artifacts
 
Human artifacts come in many forms. The most durable are stone tools and clay vessels, while those in wood and bone often perish in the soil. Archaeologists have developed elaborate methods for classifying artifacts of all kinds, classifications based on distinctive features like the shapes of clay vessels, painted decoration on the pot, methods of stone flaking, and so on. Once they have worked out a classification of artifact types, the experts use various arbitrary units to help order groups of artifacts in space and time.

These units include the assemblage, which is a diverse group of artifacts found in one site that reflect the shared activities of a community. Next is the component, a physically bounded portion of a site that contains a distinct assemblage. The social equivalent of an archaeologist's component is a community. Obviously a site can contain several components, stratified one above another. The final unit is the culture, a cultural unit represented by like components on different sites or at different levels of the same site, although always within a well-defined chronological bracket.

Archaeological “cultures” are concepts designed to assist in the ordering of artifacts in time and space. They are normally named after a key site where characteristic artifacts of the culture are found. For instance, the Acheulian culture of early prehistory is named after the northern French town of St. Acheul, where the stone hand axes so characteristic of this culture are found.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Excavation
 
The process of excavation begins with a formal research design, for no investigation is undertaken without specific hypotheses to be tested, questions to be asked. Small-scale excavation may involve small test pits or vertical trenches designed to establish the stratigraphy of a site and the sequence of occupation. Larger-scale excavations often require exposing considerable horizontal areas, perhaps several farmers' huts, the foundations of a city wall, perhaps even an entire market precinct or a set of workers' cottages.

The same principles of excavation apply to all archaeological sites, however simple or complex: precise recording and testing of the hypotheses before a spade is placed in the ground, analysis of the sequence of events that occurred at the site, and lastly, reconstruction of how the site was formed. For example, many Near Eastern cities were occupied over thousands of years, gradually accumulating a large mound of occupation debris, known to archaeologists as a tell (Arabic for “small hill.”). Excavating such a city would involve not only recording the sequence of occupation, but the many factors that led to the buildup of the mound, everything from major fires that swept through closely packed buildings to a complex sequence of rebuilding events on a temple.

The process of excavation ends with the analysis of the finds from the dig and their publication as a permanent record of the research. Without such publication, the site is effectively destroyed. The archaeologist's report is a vital, and unique, archive of the prehistoric past.

Finding Archaeological Sites
 
Many archaeological sites come to light by accident: during highway or dam construction, through industrial activity and mining, or as a result of natural phenomena such as wind erosion. For example, the famous early human sites at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, East Africa, were exposed in the walls of the gorge as a result of an ancient earthquake that cut a giant fissure through the surrounding plains. Well-designed archaeological field surveys provide vital information on ancient settlement patterns and site distributions.   

Increasingly, archaeologists are relying on remote sensing techniques, such as aerial photography, satellite imagery (digital images of the earth recorded by satellites), or side-scan radar (airplane-based radar used to penetrate ground cover). These allow them to identify likely areas, even to spot sites without ever going into the field. The latest approach involves the use of Geographic Information Systems (mapping systems based on satellite imagery that inventory environmental data). The combination of satellite imagery with myriad environmental, climatic, and other data provides a backdrop for interpreting distributions of archaeological sites. For instance, in Arkansas, archaeologists have been able to study the locations of river valley farming villages and establish that they were founded close to easy routes to the uplands, where deer could be hunted in winter.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Finding and Digging up the Past
 
The finding and excavating of archaeological sites is a meticulous process of uncovering and recording the finite archives that make up the archaeological record. The sites, large and small, that make up this record are finite resources. Once destroyed and the context of their artifact contents disturbed, they are gone forever.

Although the destruction wrought by early archaeologists and treasure hunters was devastating, that of modern industrial development, deep plowing, professional looters, and amateur pothunters has been far worse. In some parts of North America, experts estimate that less than 5 percent of the archaeological record of prehistoric times remains intact.

In recent years, massive efforts have been made to stem the tide of destruction and to preserve important sites using federal and state laws and regulations. While some progress has been made in such cultural resource management, the recent archaeological record of human prehistory is a shadow of its former self and in many parts of the world is doomed to near-total destruction.

source: The Encyclopedia of World History
Space
 
We humans leave telltale clues about our behavior in the artifacts, abandoned houses, and food remains we leave behind us. The archaeologist studies the patternings of such findsâ€"finds like a scatter of stone tools and animal bones at the site of a big-game kill 20,000 years ago. Such spatial analyses are based on another fundamental law, the Law of Association, which provides the second dimension of archaeological context.

The Law of Association states that an artifact is contemporary with the other objects found in the precise archaeological layer in which it is found. For instance, the mummy of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen was associated with an astonishing array of household possessions and magnificent ceremonial objects. This association provided unique information on ancient Egyptian life in 1323 B.C.E.

Association is of great importance when studying prehistoric burials and changing artifact styles. The lavish ornaments and possessions buried with, say, Moche warrior-priests from coastal Peru give us invaluable information on social ranking in prehistoric societies.

Archaeologists also use associations of artifacts to study prehistoric human behavior. For example, a grindstone, some seeds, and a mortar lying where they were abandoned near a hearth can provide much information on women's activities in an early farming household.

In recent years, archaeologists have paid close attention to changing distributions of prehistoric sites on ancient landscapes, within well-defined regions like the basin of Mexico or coastal river valleys in Peru. In studying changing settlement patterns, they pay close attention to evidence for environmental change, distributions of plants and animals, people's economic practices, and changing technological skills. Perhaps the most remarkable study of this type comes from the basin of Mexico, where a team of archaeologists surveyed the entire highland region and chronicled changes in land usage over more than 3,000 years, right up to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec civilization in 1519â€"21 C.E.

The concepts of culture, time, and space in archaeology are inseparable, for, in the final analysis, archaeology is the study of the interrelations between the form of artifacts found in a site and their date and spatial location. The account of human prehistory which follows below is based on the two critical concepts of time and space that make up the archaeological context.

The Encyclopedia of World History.
Potassium-Argon Dating
 
So far, we lack accurate methods for dating prehistoric time between about 50,000 and 500,000 years ago. The potassium-argon method is sometimes useful for dating very early prehistory. Geologists use it to date rocks as early as 4 to 5 billion years old and some as recent as 100,000 years old.

Potassium (K), one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, is present in nearly every mineral. In its natural form, it contains a small proportion of radioactive 40K atoms. For every 100 40K atoms that decay, 11 percent become 40Ar, an inactive gas that escapes from its parent material by diffusion when lava and other molten rocks are formed. By using a spectrometer, it is possible to measure the concentration of 40Ar that has accumulated since the rock formed.

Many early archaeological sites like Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge in East Africa were formed during periods of intense volcanic activity. Potassium-argon dates from lavas and volcanic ashes stratified above and below places where early human artifacts and bones occur date early human activity between 2.5 million and 500,000 years ago.

Radiocarbon and potassium-argon dating techniques are especially important, for they enable archaeologists to date widely separated archaeological sites and to compare, say, the dates for early agriculture in the Peruvian Andes with those in sub-Saharan Africa. They have made possible the writing of a truly global prehistory of humankind.

The Encyclopedia of World History.
Radiocarbon
 
Radiocarbon (C-14) dating provides dates for archaeological sites dating from about 1500 C.E. to at least 40,000 years ago, and sometimes earlier. Developed by Willard F. Libby of the University of Chicago, radiocarbon dating is based on the fact that carbon isotope carbon-14 enters the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere with carbon-12, ordinary carbon (c). Living vegetation builds up its own organic matter by photosynthesis and by using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Thus, the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in living vegetation and the animals that eat it is the same as that in the atmosphere. As soon as an organism dies, no further radiocarbon is incorporated into it and the carbon-14 left therein disintegrates at a known rate, only half remaining after 5,730 years.

The C-14 atoms in radiocarbon samples taken from tiny samples of bone, charcoal, shell, wood, and other organic substances found in archaeological sites are counted by accelerator mass spectrometry, resulting in age determinations that are statistical approximations of the date of the sample. The margin of statistical error can be as high as 2,000 years or more.

Radiocarbon dates from about 9000 B.C.E. can be calibrated with tree-ring chronologies, which are absolutely precise. This calibration is essential, because the concentration of radiocarbon in the atmosphere has varied considerably over time.

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Dendrochronology
 
Dendrochronology, the science of tree-ring dating, was first developed by astronomer A. E. Douglass in the southwestern United States as a way of dating climatic changes. It is based on the fact that certain tree species display annual growth rings that fluctuate in thickness from year to year depending on rainfall and other factors. Sequences of rings from living and ancient trees can be matched with one another to provide long master tree-ring sequences so accurate that wood fragments from prehistoric sites can sometimes be matched with them. Archaeological tree-ring chronologies extend back to 322 B.C.E. in the American Southwest and to as early as 9000 B.C.E. in Ireland and Germany, providing an accurate chronology for early farming in Europe and parts of North America. - source: Encyclopedia of World History

Historical Records and Objects of Known Age
 
Historical documents can sometimes be used to date events, such as the death of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh or the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1519â€"21 C.E. Clay tablet records in Mesopotamia and ancient Egyptian papyri provide dates going back to about 3000 B.C.E. The early Near Eastern civilizations traded many of their wares, such as pottery or coins with precise dates, over long distances. These objects can be used to date sites in, say, temperate Europe, far from literate civilization at the time.

source: Encyclopedia of World History

it's P150 in BQ or ICM Cinema for a 3D movie. How much is it in the UK?

Archaeologists date the past and study the ever-changing distributions of ancient cultures across the world by studying the context of archaeological finds, whether sites, food remains, or artifacts, in time and space. This is the study of culture history, the description of human cultures as they extend back thousands of years.
 
1. Time
 
Human prehistory has a time scale of more than 2.5 million years and a vast landscape of archaeological sites that were occupied for long and short periods of time. Some, like the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán, in the Valley of Mexico, were occupied for a few centuries. Others, like Olduvai Gorge in East Africa, were visited repeatedly over hundreds of thousands of years. The chronology of prehistory is made up from thousands of careful excavations and many types of dating tests. These have created hundreds of local sequences of prehistoric cultures and archaeological sites throughout the world.

Historical records provide a chronology for about 5,000 years of human history in Egypt and Mesopotamia, less time in other regions. For earlier times, archaeologists rely on both relative and absolute dating methods to develop chronological sequences.   3
Relative dating is based on a fundamental principle of stratigraphic geology, the Law of Superposition, which states that underlying levels are earlier than those that cover them. Thus any object found in a lower level is from an earlier time than any from upper layers. Manufactured artifacts are the fundamental data that archaeologists use to study human behavior. These artifacts have changed in radical ways with passing time. One has only to look at the simple stone choppers and flakes made by the first humans and compare them with the latest luxury automobile to get the point. By combining the study of changes in artifact forms with observations of their contexts in stratified layers in archaeological sites, the prehistorian can develop relative chronologies for artifacts, sites, and cultures in any part of the world.

The story of prehistory has unfolded against a backdrop of massive world climatic change during the Great Ice Age (See Prehistory and the Great Ice Age). Sometimes, when human artifacts come to light in geological strata dating to the Ice Age, one can place them in a much broader geological context. But in such cases, as with relative chronologies from other archaeological sites, determining the actual date of these sites and artifacts in years is a matter of guesswork, or of applying absolute dating methods.   

Absolute chronology is the process of dating in calendar years. A whole battery of chronological methods have been developed to date human prehistory, some of them frankly experimental, others well established and widely used. The following are the best known ones.

source: Encyclopedia of World History

source: Bohol Poll

Vice-mayor. An overwhelming majority (96%) of the Tagbilaran voters were aware that Nuevas Montes is the Vice-mayor of the City. Among those aware, six out of ten (63%) were satisfied of her performance as vice-mayor while a quarter (24%) were dissatisfied which resulted to a net satisfaction of +39. Across age groups, it is noticeable that she got relatively high net satisfaction from the 35-44 age groups at +68.

source: Bohol Poll

The City Government got the highest net performance rating in ensuring adequacy of drinking water at +44. This was followed by promoting investments (+37),protecting the environment (+34), traffic management (+23),providing livelihood/employment (+17), protecting life and property (+14) and reducing graft and corruption (-17).

source: Bohol Poll

Two thirds (65%) of the Boholano voters considered themselves poor while only very few (2%) said otherwise. Across districts, relatively few from District 1 said that they are poor at 52% as against the 71 % and 72 % and 72 % of Districts 2 and 3 respectively. Across age groups, only a quarter (24%) from the 18-24 Boholano voters said that they are likewise poor.

Among the Boholano voters who said that they are poor (65%) and not poor (2%), their families need P10,000.00 a month so that they will not be considered poor. Poor families in Tagbilaran (54%) and those within the age range 18-24 need P20, 000.00 to surpass poverty.

The Bohol Poll 2012 was conducted by Holy Name University Research Center during the period March 31-April 19, 2012. The sample size was 400 respondents (Boholano voters) with 100 from each district and another 100 from Tagbilaran City. The margin of error for Bohol is +/- 5 % for Tagbilaran City, Districts 2 and 3 is +/- 10 and for District 1 is +/-7.

source: Bohol Poll

source: Bohol Poll

The Provincial Government of Bohol got the highest net performance rating from the Boholano voters in the promotion of tourism at +45. This was followed by protecting the environment (+36), protecting life and property (+35), providing support for the promotion of agriculture (+27), promoting investments (+23), providing for livelihood opportunities and employment (+23), ensuring adequate food supply (+23), and reducing graft and corruption (-19).

source: Bohol Poll

A plurality (22%) of the Boholano voters had visited government offices in the past six months. Offices they were most satisfied with were the Governor’s Office at the Provincial Capitol (14 %), Treasurer’s Office at the Municipal Hall of Panglao (5%),LGU Dagohoy (3%),Barangay Hall in Estaca,Dagohoy (3%), Department of Education in Tagbilaran City (3%) and Accounting Office at the Municipal Hall of Loon (2%).

By George Friedman

Britain controlled about one-fourth of the Earth's land surface and one-fifth of the world's population in 1939. Fifty years later, its holdings outside the British Isles had become trivial, and it even faced an insurgency in Northern Ireland.

Britain spent the intervening years developing strategies to cope with what poet Rudyard Kipling called its "recessional," or the transient nature of Britain's imperial power. It has spent the last 20 years defining its place not in the world in general but between continental Europe and the United States in particular.

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

        Most of the government employees in Bohol are competent as claimed by majority (51%) of the Boholano voters and only very few (1%) said NONE of them are competent. In terms of the aped in service delivery, four out of ten (435) said that MOST of them provided such kind of service, one third (355) said SOME of them, two out of ten (18%) said FEW of them while very few (2%) said NONE of them.

   As far as wasting official time was concerned, two out of ten (20%) Boholano voters opined that MOST of the government employees in Bohol do such, three out of ten (29%) said SOME of them and a quarter (26%) said FEW of them. Only two out of ten (21%) said NONE of them wasted official time. In terms of arrogance of the government employees in Bohol, three out of ten (31%) of the Boholano voters claimed that SOME of them are arrogant, tree out of ten (28%) said FEW of them, few (16%) said MOST of them and only two out of ten (22%) said NONE of them.

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Advance Screening Avatar 2

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Your Last 1,000 Words

enad, is it more high-tech than the latest Transformer movie?

The Encyclopedia of World History.
b. Culture and Context
 
Anthropology, and archaeology as part of it, is unified by one common thread, the concept of culture. Everyone lives within a cultural contextâ€"middle-class Americans, Romans, and Kwakiutl Indians of northwestern North America. Each culture has its own recognizable cultural style, which shapes the behavior of its members, their political and judicial institutions, and their morals.

Human culture is unique because much of its content is transmitted from generation to generation by sophisticated communication systems. Formal education, religious beliefs, and daily social intercourse all transmit culture and allow societies to develop complex and continuing adaptations to aid their survival. Culture is a potential guide to human behavior created through generations of human experience. Human beings are the only animals that use culture as their primary means of adapting to the environment. While biological evolution has protected animals like the arctic fox from bitterly cold winters, only human beings make thick clothes in cold latitudes and construct light thatched shelters in the Tropics.

Culture is an adaptive system, an interface between ourselves, the environment, and other human societies. Throughout the long millennia of prehistory, human culture became more elaborate, for it is our only means of adaptation and we are always adjusting to environmental, technological, and societal change.

The great Victorian anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor described culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” Prehistoric archaeologists prefer to define culture as the primary nonbiological means by which people adapt to their environment. They consider it as representing the cumulative intellectual resources of human societies, passed down by the spoken word and by example.

Human cultures are made up of many different parts, such as language, technology, religious beliefs, ways of obtaining food, and so on. These elements interact with one another to form complex and ever-changing cultural systems, systems that adjust to long- and short-term environmental change.

Archaeologists work with the tangible remains of ancient cultural systems, typically such durable artifacts as stone tools or clay pot fragments. Such finds are a patterned reflection of the culture that created them. Archaeologists spend much time studying the linkages between past cultures and their archaeological remains. They do so within precise contexts of time and space.

2. The Study of Prehistory
a. Archaeology as Anthropology and History
 
In contrast to classicists and historians, prehistoric archaeologists deal with an enormous time scale of human biological and cultural evolution that extends back at least 2.5 million years. Prehistoric archaeology is the primary source of information on 99 percent of human history. Prehistoric archaeologists investigate how early human societies all over the world came into being, how they differed from one another, and, in particular, how they changed through time.

No one could possibly become an expert in all periods of human prehistory. Some specialists deal with the earliest human beings, working closely with geologists and anthropologists concerned with human biological evolution. Others are experts on stone toolmaking, the early peopling of the New and Old Worlds, or on many other topics, such as the origins of agriculture in the Near East. All of this specialist expertise means that archaeologists, whatever time period they are working on, draw on scientists from many other disciplinesâ€"botanists, geologists, physicists, zoologists.

Prehistoric archaeologists consider themselves a special type of anthropologist. Anthropologists study humanity in the widest possible sense, and archaeological anthropologists study human societies of the past that are no longer in existence. Their ultimate research objectives are the same as those of anthropologists studying living societies. Instead of using informants, however, they use the material remains of long-vanished societies to reach the same general goals. Prehistorians also share many objectives with historians, but work with artifacts and food remains rather than documents. In some parts of the world, such as tropical Africa, for example, prehistoric archaeology is the primary way of writing history, since oral traditions extend back only a few centuries, and in many places written records appear no earlier than the 19th century C.E. 
 
The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

source: Encyclopedia of World History
Prehistoric Times

Human beings have flourished on Earth for at least 2.5 million years. The study of history in its broadest sense is a record of humanity and its accomplishments from its earliest origins to modern times. This record of human achievement has reached us in many forms, as written documents, as oral traditions passed down from generation to generation, and in the archaeological recordâ€"sites, artifacts, food remains, and other surviving evidence of ancient human behavior. The earliest written records go back about 5,000 years in the Near East, in Mesopotamia, and the Nile Valley. Elsewhere, written history begins much later: in Greece, about 3,500 years ago; in China, about 2,000 years ago; and in many other parts of the world, after the 15th century C.E. with the arrival of Western explorers and missionaries. Oral histories have an even shorter compass, extending back only a few generations or centuries at the most.

History, which remains primarily though not exclusively the study of written documents, covers only a tiny fraction of the human past. Prehistory, the span of human existence before the advent of written records, encompasses the remainder of the past 2.5 million years. Prehistorians, students of the prehistoric past, rely mainly on archaeological evidence to study the origins of humanity, the peopling of the world by humans, and the beginnings of agriculture and urban civilization.

Archaeology is the study of the human past based on the material remains of human behavior. These remains come down to us in many forms. They survive as archaeological sites, ranging from the mighty pyramids of Giza built by ancient Egyptian pharaohs to insignificant scatters of stone tools and animal bones abandoned by very early humans in East Africa. Then there are caves and rock shelters adorned with ancient paintings and engravings, and human burials that can provide vital information, not only on biological makeup but also on ancient diet and disease and social rankings.

Modern scientific archaeology has three primary objectives: to study the basic culture history of prehistoric times, to reconstruct ancient lifeways, and to study the processes by which human cultures and societies changed over long periods of time. Archaeology is unique among all scientific disciplines in its ability to chronicle human biological and cultural change over long periods of time. The development of this sophisticated approach to the human past ranks as one of the major scientific achievements of this century.

Archaeology, by its very nature, is concerned more with the material and the environmental. It is basically an anonymous science, dealing with generalities about human cultures derived from artifacts, buildings, and food remains rather than with the individuals who appear in many of the historians' archives. But by using complex theoretical models and carefully controlled analogies from living societies, it is sometimes possible for the archaeologist to gain insights into prehistoric spiritual and religious life, and into the great complexities of ancient human societies living in worlds remote from our own.

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hPpG4s3-O4#ws
I think I'll watch it tomorrow.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggx0WNo6z2Q#ws
Philippines Ready for War with China with Impressive Weapons

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

Three fourths (75%) of the Boholano voters disagreed that there is no hope for Bohol while few (6%) said otherwise. Two out of ten (18%) were undecided.

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

Few (5%) Boholano agreed to the statement “the presence of armed men or rebels in our place is again felt by us.”

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

Majority (53%) of the Boholano claimed that illegal drug is not a problem at all in their locality; a quarter (26%) said it is not serious,few said it is somewhat serious (13%) and very serious (8%). Very few (4%) voters were aware of people selling illegal drugs.

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

Unemployment rate of the Boholano Voters (not working but are looking for work). It is relatively high in the 25-34 age group (20%). A plurality (29%) of those who are working are engaged in agriculture. Majority (57%) of those working were satisfied with their primary work while a slight plurality (40%) were dissatisfied. Net job satisfaction was noticeably high in the urban (+35), Class ABC (+63),females (+27) and 18-24 (+62) age group.

source: Bohol Poll by HNU

A quarter of the Boholano voters claimed that their present quality of life is better than 12 months ago (gainers), three out of ten (31 %) said there is no change while close to half (45%) said it is worse now than before (losers). The results showed that there are more losers than gainers. It is significant to note that across variables, only the youngest age group, 18-24, got positive net gainers of 23(% gainers minus % losers). This means that only the young Boholano Voters considered their present quality of life better than a year ago.

When Boholano voters were asked to foresee the quality of their lives 12 months from now, a quarter (24%) said it will become better (optimists), four out of ten (38%) said it will be the same while three out of ten (28%) said it will worsen (pessimists). Thus, Boholano voters are more pessimistic about the future at -4(% optimistic minus % pessimists). Across districts, District 2 voters (+9) were more optimistic about the future. Furthermore, those with relatively optimistic outlook of the future came from Classes ABC(+5) and D (+1) and age groups 18-24 (+16) and 25-34(+8).

Car and Motor Show in Bohol
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9I5nuuB3ig#ws

No, we don't have Pancake House in Tagbilaran City.

Blanc Gallery Featuring Mimi Tecson
Dust in the Beam by Mimi Tecson.
at Crown Tower, 107 HV dela Costa Street, Salcedo Village, Makati City

Ateneo Art Gallery
There is an ongoing art gallery held at Ateneo de Manila University.
Show: Territories by Mark Salvatus
For info: Call 426-6488

Free at Pancake House
Get as much as P360 free at Pancake House when you use your Metrobank Card Anywhere.

Promo period is from March 15 to June 15, 2012. For inquiries, call Metrobank Card at 8-700-700 or 1-800-1-888-5775. (domestic-toll-free).

Here in the Philippines, Sun Roaming Services has got you covered. In your mobile phone's Network Selection Menu, choose Sun. For inquiries, call the Sun Hotline 63 2 395 8000.
Company website

National Socialism 

The ideology of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), better known as the Nazi party, which was formed in 1919 and under Hitler ruled Germany between 1933 and 1945. National socialism essentially combined two doctrines: the fascist belief that national unity could best be secured by an all-encompassing state directed by a party with one supreme leader embodying the national will, and the racist belief in the superiority of the Aryan peoples, implying that other races might justifiably be subjugated or eliminated entirely. Although national socialism was the most spectacular, and in some respects the most successful, of all forms of fascism, it was intellectually less sophisticated and less interesting than French or Italian fascism. 

Its political success lay in its ability to synthesize often contradictory elements into a doctrine with universal appealâ€"'socialism' for the working class, anti-bolshevism for the employers, nationalism for traditional conservatives, and anti-semitism for all who looked for a scapegoat on whom to pin the blame for the loss of world war one and the economic disasters of the 1920s. Domestically, this recipe was a great success; internationally, it weakened the so-called Axis, or wartime alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan. Italy had every reason to fear German nationalism, which could only revive separatist aspirations in the former South Tyrol and boded ill for Italian ambitions in Africa; Japan could hardly be unaware that Hitler's ambitions for the Aryan race left little room for its own, and that the 'Yellow Peril' had frequently featured in the rhetoric of his pre-war speeches. 

Nazism had intellectual pretentions, but they came a poor second to an enthusiasm for brute force and the cult of the leader. Liberals have often accused Hegel of laying the foundations of Nazism (see Popper, vol. II); the Nazis themselves frequently claimed an intellectual kinship with Nietzsche. In fact, Hegel's conservative liberalism was at worst intermittently authoritarian, and his insistence on the rule of law and constitutional safeguards for private rights was utterly uncongenial to Nazism, while Nietzsche's contempt for the pretensions of the German Empire is an indication of how removed his ideals were from anything in national socialism. Where Italian fascism could boast of Gentile, and French fascism of BARRÈS and MAURRAS, Nazism was intellectually barren. Alfred Rosenberg (born 1893, hanged as a war criminal October 1946) was its only 'philosopher', and his best-known work, The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) is a discordant jumble of racist and volkisch ideas loosely attached to a history of European culture which bizarrely attempts to prove that everything worth having in European history is of Nordic origin. 

National socialism is of sociological rather than intellectual interest. It has been handled best by writers who have understood it as an intellectual pathology, whether that has been interpreted as an episode in the history of mass society (see Arendt) or as a response to the desire for the transcendental (see Nolte). Its 'socialism' meant little more than that the state's rights transcended those of private owners; its appeal to the Volk was hardly more than an excuse to destroy the secondary organizations of liberal society, trade unions in particular, and to arouse the population for war. The most interesting feature of Nazi ideology was its ambivalence about revolution; although Barrès and Maurras were articulate enemies of the French Revolution and subsequent liberalism, Mussolini was always as much attracted by Marxism as repelled by it. Nazism was the apotheosis of this ambivalence, simultaneously presenting itself as counter-revolutionary and yet revolutionary. Its psychological appeal was evidently very similar to the appeal of revolutionary utopianism of all kinds (cf. Cohn) and while lip-service was paid to the static ideal of the corporate state, the more characteristic aspect of national socialism, rhetorically and in practice, was something akin to permanent revolution. All institutions were valuable only in so far as they expressed the spirit of the Volk and advanced the triumph of the Aryan race, and all might therefore be swept away at any moment if necessary. This is but one of many ways in which national socialism defies assimilation to previous forms of conservatism or authoritarianism, and in which the Nazi version of fascism is much more than an assemblage of responses to the problems of economic dislocation which affected almost all countries in the inter-war years. 

Its embodiment in the febrile genius of Hitler is, in this sense, more than an accident. For it was his political opportunism and his galvanizing energy which allowed the Nazis to gain support by promising both nationalization and the protection of private ownership, by stressing both industrial might and the unique virtues of the peasant, and by emphasizing the necessity of both radical and conservative measures. The only constant was an emphasis on national expansion, racial purity and the 'leadership principle'. War was the inevitable outcome of combining these aspirations with the explicit claim that in international politics might is right; total defeat in 1945 was a verdict with which no national socialist could quarrel. See FASCISM, NATIONALISM, RACISM.

Reading 

Arendt, H.: The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951. 
Bullock, A.: Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962. 
Cohn, N.: The Pursuit of the Millennium. London: Paladin, 1970. 
Mosse, G.L.: The Crisis of German Ideology. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966. 
Neumann, F.: Behemoth. New York, 1966. 
Nolte, E.: Three Faces of Fascism. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965. 

Popper, K.R.: The Open Society and its Enemies. London: Routledge, 1945; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950. 

Rosenberg, A.: Race and Race History, ed. R. Pois. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970. [Includes excerpts from The Myth of the Twentieth Century.] 

Stern, F.: The Politics of Cultural Despair. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
source: Encyclopedia of Political Thought by Blackwell Publications

by Times of India

A baby born in Pakistan's Sindh province has six legs, with a doctor assessing that the removal of the parasitic limbs could be a "serious and time-consuming medical exercise".

The baby boy was born with extra limbs in Sukkur. He was on Monday shifted to the National Institute of Child Health (NICH) in Karachi.

By Agence France Presse

An Australian girl who suffered severe brain damage and was left paralysed by food poisoning won a court case against fast food giant Kentucky Fried Chicken, in a judgment published on Saturday.

Monika Samaan was seven years old when she suffered salmonella encephalopathy -- a brain injury linked to food poisoning that also left her with a blood infection and septic shock -- in October 2005.

Several other family members also fell ill and they claimed Samaan's injuries, which include severe cognitive, motor and speech impairment and spastic quadriplegia were caused by a KFC chicken Twister wrap.

She went into a coma in hospital and was so ill last rites were given.

The Supreme Court ruled in the family's favour, finding that her sickness was caused by "a KFC Twister... consumed predominately by Monika and in lesser quantities by her family."

Justice Stephen Rothman said the chicken became contaminated "because of the failure of one or more employees of KFC" to follow proper preparation rules, which he described as "negligent".

she has more muscles and aura.

3. murag tinapa. tipid pa.

By Allan Policarpio, Contributor
Philippine Daily Inquirer

Sharon Cuneta’s decision to jump ship and sign a five-year contract with TV 5 last November created a storm of criticism, with some people calling her an ingrate for turning her back on ABS-CBN, her home network for 23 years.

“I was shocked by that reaction since a lot of other artists were already moving around the three networks. Why was it such a big deal?” she said during the recent press launch of her coming daily talk show “Sharon, Kasama Mo, Kapatid.”

She lamented: “All of a sudden ang sama-sama namin. It’s unfair to us artists, because this is our choice … Ang sakit-sakit naman ng mga paratang.”

Sharon was also annoyed at the accusation that the P1-billion TV 5 deal had blinded her. “I don’t know whether to laugh or cry when I get labeled mukhang pera,” she said. “One billion is a huge amount, but it’s not new to me after 30 years in the industry.”

By Julie M. Aurelio
Philippine Daily Inquirer

For months, two teenaged girls were allegedly drugged by their father each time he raped them as their mother held their arms to prevent any struggle.

The sisters’ ordeal only ended when the father allegedly raped a third victimâ€"a classmate of one of his daughtersâ€"who was able to escape and report the abuses to the police.

The blood-curdling picture of parenting warped by drugs and diabolic lust emerged with the father’s arrest on Thursday in Quezon City.

Supt. Crisostomo Mendoza of the Novaliches police substation said the sisters, aged 14 and 16, were allegedly forced by their 33-year-old father to take “shabu” before they were raped.

The suspect’s 35-year-old live-in partner, the girls’ mother, allegedly helped her man perpetrate the crime by firmly holding the girls in place as they were being ravished.

Mendoza said the father had been subjected to inquest proceedings for rape as of Saturday, with no bail recommended. The mother, who also faces charges, remained at large.

The alleged rapes began last year, Mendoza said.

Before dawn on Thursday, a 15-year-old classmate of one of the girls went to the latter’s house in Barangay Nagkaisang Nayon and also fell prey to the suspect.

Based on the third victim’s account, she and the two daughters were allegedly drugged by the suspect that day, at around 1 a.m., and then were all raped.

Amazing scene. Very beautiful. Looks like a movie scene of "House of Flying Dagger"

Dog and Driver Without Helmet

manuelvalera.com
Cuban pianist, bandleader, composer and arranger, Manuel Valera is in the forefront of contemporary modern jazz. He represents the next generation of great performers and composers. His sound is fresh, inviting and evocative, and his goal is to forge innovative sounds that bring a vitality and newness to the idioms of jazz and Latin jazz.

katiebennison.com
Katie had her first radio experience at 8 years old when her Grandmother convinced her to call-in to a BBC Kids talk show. Although she can't remember what the topic was, she clearly remembers being told to turn down her radio because the feedback was deafening the host!

ileanamontalbetti.com
Canadian soprano Ileana Montalbetti is currently a member of the Canadian Opera Company Ensemble Studio where she recently performed Elettra in the Ensemble Studio Performance of Idomeneo and First Lady in the Ensemble Studio Performance of The Magic Flute.

Top 11 LPG Safety Tips

1. Have the installation of your LPG done by a contractor experienced on these systems.

2. Periodically examine the color of the flame. A yellow flame indicates poor combustion. Correct according to manufacturer’s instructions.

3. Use your eyes and your nose when detecting a leak in your LPG. Brush on a soap solution and look for bubbles in checking for leaks.

4. Do not look for a leak with a lighted candle, match or other open light.

5. Turn off the LPG at tank and vacate the premises once leak is detected.

6. Ventilate the house thoroughly if a leak occurs.

7. Call your LPG contractor or an experienced repairman to fix the leaks and other problems before using your LPG again.

8. Make sure that there is adequate air for combustion.

9. Don’t refill the storage tank after dark.

10. Don’t open the tank valves and allow vapor or liquid to escape into the air. Use gauge to check gas supply.

11. Don’t allow weeds and grass to grow or trash to collect around the supply tanks.