Author Topic: Islam and Medicine  (Read 2601 times)

Lorenzo

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Islam and Medicine
« on: September 02, 2007, 12:41:06 AM »
The Islamic civilization rose to primacy in medical science as Muslim physicians contributed significantly to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology, with such thinkers as Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Nafis, and Al-Razi (Rhazes).

Ibn Nafis (d. 1288) described human blood circulation. This discovery would be 'rediscovered' by William Harvey in 1628. Although it is startling that Ibn Nafis had made the discovery so long before Harvey, there is no indication that Harvey had read the treatise, or that Ibn Nafis' works were available to the West at that time. Maimonides, although a Jew himself, made various contributions to Arabic medicine in the 13th century.

The Comprehensive Book of Medicine was written by Rhazes. The Large Comprehensive, was the most sought after of all his compositions. In it, Rhazes recorded clinical cases of his own experience and provided very useful recordings of various diseases. The "Comprehensive Book of Medicine", with its introduction on measles and smallpox, was also very influential in Europe.

Al-Kindi was a great Muslim doctor, who wrote many books on the subject of medicine. The Mutazilite philosopher and doctor Ibn Sina was another influential figure. His "The Canon of Medicine" remained a standard text in Europe up until the renewal of the Muslim tradition of scientific medicine. Ibn Nafis described human blood circulation. This discovery would be rediscovered, or perhaps merely demonstrated, by William Harvey in 1628. He generally receives most of his credit in Western history.

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), regarded as the "father of modern surgery",[6] contributed greatly to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries.

Avicenna, who is considered one of the greatest medical scholars in history, wrote The Canon of Medicine and The Book of Healing, which remained popular textbooks in the Islamic world and medieval Europe for centuries.

In the 15th century, the Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan ("Anatomy of the body") contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems. The Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis, proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.[7]

Unani medicine is the ancient system of medicine which is based on Arabic and Persian teaching and is widely practiced in India.

George Sarton, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:[8]

"Through their medical investigations they not merely widened the horizons of medicine, but enlarged humanistic concepts generally. [...] Thus it can hardly have been accidental that those researches should have led them that were inevitably beyond the reach of Greek masters. If it is regarded as symbolic that the most spectacular achievement of the mid-twentieth century is atomic fission and the nuclear bomb, likewise it would not seem fortuitous that the early Muslim's medical endeavor should have led to a discovery that was quite as revolutionary though possibly more beneficent."

"A philosophy of self-centredness, under whatever disguise, would be both incomprehensible and reprehensible to the Muslim mind. That mind was incapable of viewing man, whether in health or sickness as isolated from God, from fellow men, and from the world around him. It was probably inevitable that the Muslims should have discovered that disease need not be born within the patient himself but may reach from outside, in other words, that they should have been the first to establish clearly the existence of contagion."

"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments."

"We have reason to believe that when, during the crusades, Europe at last began to establish hospitals, they were inspired by the Arabs of near East.... The first hospital in Paris, Les Quinze-vingt, was founded by Louis IX after his return from the crusade 1254-1260."


This manuscript, dated circa 1200CE, is kept at the Cairo National Library. Image of copy is by Zereshk. The eye according to Hunain ibn Ishaq




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slackware

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #1 on: September 02, 2007, 04:32:19 AM »
mga new generations lagi karon sa mga muslim arabs kay mga bogo man lagi!

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udtohan

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #2 on: September 03, 2007, 11:08:09 AM »
mao ba? grabe baya ang contribution sa mga muslim in the medicine.


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Lorenzo

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #3 on: September 03, 2007, 11:30:29 AM »
mao ba? grabe baya ang contribution sa mga muslim in the medicine.


That is really true, Islam was very superlative in inducing learning and growth of culture, you know. It was actually the muslims of the Abbasid Caliphate and during the Suljuk Turkish rule that the old greek texts were preserved and re-written in arabic. Actually, this is how Europeans came into contact with it--during the crusades in the 12th-14th centuries, the european crusaders came into contact with the arabic translation of the original greek texts and scripts that were THOUGHT to have been lost in time. Amazing how the muslim rulers were prone to keep and preserve the arts and culture of the past; they did have respect for past societies, as most anthropologist and historians conclude.

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Here are also the things the muslims contributed to science and technology:

Did you know that hospitals, as we know them today, were first established by early Muslims. They offered the best available medical service at that time and cared for all people free of charge. Muslims are honour-bound to provide treatment for the sick, whoever they may be.

The first organised hospital was built in Cairo in 872CE. The Ahmad ibn Tûlûn Hospital treated and gave free medicine to all patients. It provided separate bath houses for men and women, a rich library and a section for the insane.

Patients deposited their street clothes with the hospital authorities for safe keeping, before donning special ward clothes and being assigned to their beds. Each patient would also have his or her own medical record.

Hospitals like these flourished as Muslim rulers competed to see who could construct the most dvanced centres. They spread all over the Muslim world reaching Sicily and North Africa.The earliest Muslim hospitals were funded by charitable religious endowments, called waqf, and some money from the state coffers was also used to maintain some hospitals.



Hospital Zone Highlights

   Learn about the cutting-edge surgeon Al-Zahrawi, known in the west as Abulcasis.
Al-Zahrawi introduced more than 200 surgical tools in his medical encyclopaedia. He included illustrations and detailed information on how and when each instrument was to be used. 
   
 Did you know that nearly every medical book by Muslims a thousand years ago covered some aspect of eye diseases?
Muslim ophthalmologists of the 10th to 13th centuries were performing operations, dissecting, discovering, and writing about their findings in textbooks and monographs. 
 See the many different medical journals written 1000 years ago that still exist today.
Muslim medics wrote voluminous handbooks, many of which were translated into Latin. One of these was the ‘Canon’ by Ibn Sina, which remained a primary reference for centuries. 



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Did you know that the Arabic word for mosque is Jami' and the Arabic for university is Jami'a? A thousand years ago the first universities emerged within mosques where religion and science sat comfortably side by side.

Building on knowledge from Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Chinese and Indian Civilisations, Muslims developed a learning culture where enquiring minds searched for truths based on scientific rigour and experimentation. In almost every field of knowledge, Muslims made new inventions and discoveries with practical outcomes that helped develop society.

Muslim charitable institutions provided the first scholarships to support students.Courses were difficult and medicine was particularly gruelling, and just like in universities today, examinations were long and difficult.


School Zone Highlights
   
 Explore the unique link between mosques and universities in Islam more than 1000 years ago.
As more and more students attended universities, ijazas, or certificates, were awarded to those who graduated. These ijazas could be the origin of the word ‘baccalareus’. Today the International Baccalaureate is a qualification for international students.
 Learn about advances made by Jabir ibn Hayyan’s research in the field of chemistry.
Known in the west as Geber, he is considered to be the founder of chemistry due to his enormous contributions to the field. 
 Discover the origins of the term chairperson or ‘chair’.
Over a thousand years ago, Muslim schools and universities had study circles with groups of students gathered around a professor who was seated on a chair or kursi. It is this notion that evolved into a professional position, the chairperson


17th century Turkish manuscript showing a Madrasa in Istanbul.
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Amazing diba?

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Lorenzo

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #4 on: September 03, 2007, 11:34:58 AM »
mga new generations lagi karon sa mga muslim arabs kay mga bogo man lagi!

They are too busy with religion instead of science and learning as their ancestors were MASTERS at!! The muslim world during the 11th-15th centuries were the most advanced region in the western world. Kuyawa jud na!

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slackware

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #5 on: September 03, 2007, 12:13:14 PM »
usa sa hinungdan nganong bogo na mga bag-ong generation sa mga muslim karon tungod anang inter family marriage...mga genes nila nagbalikbalik lang.

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Lorenzo

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #6 on: September 03, 2007, 12:19:20 PM »
usa sa hinungdan nganong bogo na mga bag-ong generation sa mga muslim karon tungod anang inter family marriage...mga genes nila nagbalikbalik lang.

Sigor, pre, that is something I never even thought about or even knew! Tinuud diay na? Mo marry diay na sila with relatives? Ka ingoon ko custom ra man na sa royal family---pero common place diay na sa arab societies?



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slackware

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #7 on: September 03, 2007, 10:31:17 PM »
1st degree cousin pwede na magminyo...

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ms da binsi

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #8 on: September 03, 2007, 11:08:27 PM »
i thinks some native Greeks still do that. Sa una Brother-sister man gani na sila...

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slackware

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #9 on: September 03, 2007, 11:13:34 PM »
nausab na ang mga greeks pag-abot sa christianism

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Re: Islam and Medicine
« Reply #10 on: September 03, 2007, 11:33:54 PM »
mao, dili na brother-sister cousins nalang... :D

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