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Scientific classification

Kingdom:   Plantae
Division:   Ginkgophyta
Class:   Ginkgoopsida
Order:   Ginkgoales
Family:   Ginkgoaceae
Genus:   Ginkgo
Species:
†G. adiantoides
† G. apodes
G. biloba
†G. cranei
†G. digitata
†G. dissecta
†G. gardneri
†G. ginkgoidea
†G. huolinhensis
†G. huttonii
†G. yimaensis

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Modern-day G. biloba grows best in well-watered and drained environments, and the extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favored similar environments; the sediment records at the majority of fossil Ginkgo localities indicate it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and levees. Ginkgo therefore presents an "ecological paradox" because, while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction), many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings.

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Gingko biloba, the oldest tree living species, has been used extensively in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years.  Today, it is one of the most widely used plant-based products available without prescription in Europe and North America, where is it marketed as a dietary supplement to treat blood disorders and, more specifically, to enhance memory both for healthy individuals and also for those trying to ward off Alzheimer’s Disease.

Keith Laws, Professor of psychology, said: “Gingko biloba has been widely used for a number of years to reduce the mental decline associated with aging.  But more recently it has been marketed as a memory enhancing supplement for healthy individuals – and it is crucial to establish the validity for such claims.

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