MikeLigalig.com

Orphaned bat babies get a cosy new home
http://www.news.com.au/


SNUG as bugs in bunny rugs, Melbourne's baby bats are filling the grey-headed flying fox nursery set up each year to care for orphaned bat bubs.

And while night-time feeds drive most mums batty, Wildlife Victoria volunteers refill formula bottles and rotate dummies around the clock.

The babies are often rescued after their mums have been electrocuted on powerlines, fatally entangled in dark-coloured fruit tree netting or ripped apart on barbed wire.

The orphans are swaddled in blankets to help them feel secure and put in a bat nursery where they thrive in the company of their little flying fox cousins.

"Coming from colonies we have found they do much better in company than on their own," WV development manager Amy Amato said.

The flying foxes remain in care until ready for a "soft release" into a special enclosure at the colony's home at Yarra Bend.

Wildlife volunteers often meet the costs of animals in their care from their own pockets.


wildlifevictoria.org.au

Sky, Abinger, Bell and Elsa and Hercules get comfortable for a snooze. Picture: Bruce Magilton Source: Herald Sun

Wa mi diha, oi. Mga milyonir ni sila...

White torture may be the worst kind of torture. It is a form of emotional and physiological torture. Instead of beating the person, electrocuting them, or keeping them in a small box, they are tormented with sensory deprivation and isolation.

White torture is all too familiar for Amir Abbas Fakhravar, who is said to be the first person to be tortured this way by the Iranian government. According to Amnesty International, “the cells had no windows, and everything was entirely colored creamy white. The meal was white rice on a white paper plate. If he wanted to use the toilet, he had to put a white slip of paper under the door of the cell to alert guards who reportedly had footwear designed to muffle any sound. Fakhravar was forbidden to talk to anyone.”

Ebrahim Nabavi, another journalist who was given the treatment said the worst part of the white torture is never being “free” even after being released. -- http://listverse.com/

By Dan Taylor, National Monitor | June 11, 2015


A mass migration from southern Russia and Georgia to Europe about 5,000 years ago resulted in the modern settlements we see today, a new study has found.

Researchers examined the DNA of skeletons from the Bronze Age, finding that a tremendous shift in population from the Caucasus region brought migrants to northern Europe in around 3000 B.C., according to a Daily Mail report.

And those people brought with them a genetic mutation that allowed them to drink cow's milk. These peoples spread their ideas -- and DNA -- across the European lands during this migration in the early Bronze Age before settling down in France, Netherlands, and Gemrany. The Yamnaya people, as they are called, lived in the Caucasus region of southern Russia, and they are the originator of the term "caucasians."

The Yamnaya people brought metal smelting and cattle herding skills with them, an upgrade over the hunter-gatherer way of life of people who lived in northern Europe before then.

Researchers from the Natural History Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen made the findings by analyzing DNA found in skeletons that were unearthed in Europe and Central Asia.

The fact that lactose tolerance was spread to Europeans in this fashion surprised scientists. Previously, scientists believed that lactose tolerance grew about as a result of the growth of farming in the Balkans or in the Middle East during the Stone Age, not brought in through migration.

It would help explain why the gene that allows digesting the sugar in milk is found much more often in northern Europeans than anywhere else in the world.

The Yamnaya people also probably introduce the genes that resulted in brown eyes and pale skin.

Quote from: islander on June 17, 2015, 05:13:58 PM
thus will you become a millionaire if you bet on 666 swertes, bai hubs.

Sakto. Konn motuo ko nimo, mahimo na lang kon milyonir imbis bilyonir ko ron...

Ni STEPHANIE V. BERGANIO


NAGKADAIYANG samad sa lainlaing parte sa lawas ang naangkon sa usa ka lalaki human gitabangan og luba ug tigbas niadtong nilabayng adlaw mga alas 10:00 sa gabii sa Barangay 5, lungsod sa Talakag, Bukidnon.

Gi-ila ang biktima nga si Archie C. Obod, residente sa susamang dapit.

Gitumbok nga suspetsado mao sila si John Raffy Lalaan, Rendel Lalaan alyas Tibor ug Richard Caraga alyas Rick-Rick, pulos hingkod ang mga edad, ug mga taga Barangay Baylanan, susamang lungsod.

Sa inisyal nga imbestigasyon ni Police Officer 3 Norman Egar sa Talakag Police Station nasuta nga ang biktima kuyog ang laing usa ka higala niini ang mitabang og badlong sa tulo ka mga suspetsado nga unang nagkalalis niadtong gabhiona.

Apan imbes nga gibadlong ang tulo ang biktima mao'y gi-atake sa tulo gamit ang sanggot ug deretsong gitigbas ug giayo og luba hinungdan nakaangkon ug nagkadaiyang samad sa lawas.

Gidali og dala ang biktima sa Provincial Hospital sa Talakag, Bukidnon apan gideklarar kin
ing dead on arrival sa misusi nga doktor.

Ang patayng lawas sa biktima ang gidala sa Holy Soul Funeral Homes, Talakag, Bukidnon.
Samtang ang mga suspetsado daling misibat human sa insidente ug padayon pa nga gigukod sa kapolisan ning panahona.


Gipatik sa mantalaang SuperBalita Cagayan de Oro Hunyo 17, 2015.

Oops. Nasakpan ni Inday...

Bitaw. Dia ra sila, ay...

Quote from: islander on June 17, 2015, 12:42:03 PM

Susmarisep!

Hmm, di ba diay ni 666?

Na hala, let's rename this as The Whys and Wherefores of PEACE...

Quote from: islander on June 17, 2015, 12:00:38 PM

Korek. Labi nag ingon ka ani...

Reed's rescue party arrived soon afterwards. It was decided to try to help as many people as possible to Sutter's Fort. However, a large number were too weak to make the journey back and had to be left behind. After reaching safety William Foster and William Eddy agreed to lead another rescue party to Donner Lake. They were eventually able to bring back all those who had survived the ordeal.

The Donner Party was the worst disaster in wagon train history. Forty-two emigrants and two Indian guides had died. However, the remaining forty-seven travellers survived.

Both Keseberg's children died of starvation: Lewis (24th December, 1846) and Ada (24th February, 1847). It was later claimed that Keseberg was the first member of the party to resort to cannibalism. Some people believed he was involved in the deaths of George Foster and Tamsen Donner. After he was rescued Keseberg sued for slander but was only granted $1 and forced to pay the costs of the court.

Johann Sutter gave Keseberg a job and he took charge of the schooner Sacramento, taking wheat to San Francisco. The following year he moved to Sonoma. He eventually returned to Sutter's Fort where he ran a boarding house. He later owned a brewery but it was destroyed in a flood.


Lewis Keseberg died at Sacramento County Hospital in 1895.

On 12th January, Eddy's group reached a Paiute village. They took pity on the travellers and gave them a corn meal. This gave them the strength to move on and five days later found another village. This time they were given a meal of pine nuts. Eddy then paid a warrior a pouch of tobacco to act as a guide to Sutter's Fort. This he agreed to do and after a further six mile walker, Eddy reached his destination. When he heard the news James Reed quickly organized a relief party to go back and find the rest of the Forlorn Hope group.

Johann Sutter and Captain Edward Kern, the commanding officer at Sutter's Fort, offered to pay $3 a day for anyone willing to form a relief party to rescue those still camped at Donner Lake. Only seven men agreed to accept this dangerous task and on 31st January the small team led by Daniel Tucker left the fort.

James Reed successfully brought back William Foster, Sarah Foster, Harriet Pike, Mary Graves, Sarah Fosdick and Amanda McCutcheon. He now began preparing a second relief party. He organized a public meeting where he raised $1,300. He used this money to buy supplies and to hire six more men. William Eddy also agreed to guide the team back to the Donner Lake and they departed on 7th February.

Several members of Tucker's party threatened to turn back when they reached Bear Valley. The snow was ten feet deep. Tucker was forced to pay the men $5 a day to anyone who completed the journey. On 18th February they managed to reach Donner Lake. The first person they came across asked: "Are you men from California, or do you come from heaven?" They discovered that a large number had died of starvation. This included Eleanor Eddy, Margaret Eddy, Samuel Shoemaker, James Smith, Joseph Reinhardt, Lantron Murphy, John Denton, Harriet McCutcheon, Augustus Spitzer and Milton Elliott. It also became clear that the many of those still alive had resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.

William Eddy now took responsibility for leading the group to safety. On 24th December they were out of food and too weak to go on. The group came to the decision that the only way they could survive was to resort to cannibalism. That night Billy Graves and a Mexican called Antoine died. The following day Patrick Dolan also passed away and on 26th December they began cooking Dolan's arms and legs. At first only three members of the party, Eddy and the two Indian guides, refused to eat the meat. However, over the next two days they succumbed to temptation and resorted to cannibalism. They now had a fourth body to consume as Lemeul Murphy died that night.

On 30th December the party, much stronger after their cannibal feast, set off again. However, the weather deteriorated and they were once again forced to halt and make a camp. Out of food, the group began talking about murdering Luis and Salvador, the two Indian guides. Eddy argued against this idea and he secretly told Luis and Salvador that they were likely to be murdered if they remained. That night, while the others slept, they left the camp.

William Eddy and Mary Graves now volunteered to go out hunting. Eddy managed to kill a deer but by the time they got back to the camp Jay Fosdick had died. This supplied more meat for the six remaining members of the group.

The next day the party found the dying bodies of Luis and Salvador. Eddy was unable to stop William Foster killing the two Indians. This created conflict between Eddy and Foster and it was decided that they could no longer work together. The group now split up: Foster, his wife and sister, Harriet Pike made up one party whereas Eddy travelled with Mary Graves, Sarah Fosdick and Amanda McCutcheon.

The surviving members of the wagon train now set about constructing a camp next to what later became known as Donner Lake. Patrick Dolan, Patrick Breen and his family moved into the abandoned cabin whereas Keseberg built a lean-to against one of the walls. William Eddy and William Foster built a log cabin. So also did Charles T. Stanton. His cabin was to house the Graves family and Margaret Reed and her children. George Donner managed to construct a primitive shelter for his family.

The Donner Party was desperately short of food. The remaining animals were killed and eaten. Attempts to catch fish in the river was unsuccessful. Some of the men went hunting but during the next two weeks they were only able to kill one bear, a coyote, an owl and a grey squirrel. It was clear that if they stayed in the camp they would all die of starvation and on 12th November thirteen men and two women made another attempt to get to Sutter's Fort. However, they found their way blocked by a 10 foot snow drift and returned to camp.

The party rested for a few days and then a party led by William Eddy and Charles T. Stanton made another attempt to reach safety. On 21st November they returned to camp defeated. Soon afterwards Baylis Williams died. This motivated the stronger members of the party to make one last attempt to cross the mountains.

On 16th December fifteen members of the party left the camp and headed for the summit. This became known as the Forlorn Hope group. Aided by better weather, this time they managed to cross the mountain pass. On 20th December they had reached a place called Yuba Bottoms. The following morning Stanton was not strong enough to leave the camp. The rest were forced to leave him to die.

The Donner Party now had to cross a 40 mile desert. Over the next three days the wagon train suffered repeated attacks from groups of warriors. During this time they stole 18 oxen, killed another 21 and wounded many others. Since most of their animals were now dead or stolen, the party was forced to abandon their wagons. The party reached the Truckee Lake at the end of October.

On 19th October Charles T. Stanton arrived back from Sutter's Fort with seven mules loaded with food. William McCutcheon had been taken ill and had been forced to stay at the fort. However, Stanton had brought back with him two Indian guides to help them get to California. Stanton also brought news that James Reed had successfully reached California. On 20th October William Foster killed his brother-in-law in a shooting accident.

The Donner Party now began its attempt to cross the the Sierra Nevada mountains. A few snow flurries made them realise they were in a desperate race for time. In the distance they could see that the peaks were covered in snow. On 25th October a Paiute warrior opened fire on what was left of the animals. He hit nineteen oxen before being killed by William Eddy.

The migrants ploughed on but when they got to within three miles of the summit they found their way blocked by five-foot snowdrifts. They were now forced to turn back and seek cover in a cabin they had passed at the foot of the mountain. Meanwhile James Reed and William McCutcheon had set out with enough food to keep the Donner Party alive for the winter. However, they had found their path blocked and had to return with their pack mules to Sutter's Fort.

The Donner Party reached Pilot Peak on 8th September. To enable them to keep up, the Reeds and Donners had to abandon some of the heavy goods they were carrying. They also abandoned three wagons and increased the number of oxen pulling the remaining wagons. Members of the party were also having doubts about whether they had enough food to last them before they reached California. It was therefore decided to send two men, Charles T. Stanton and William McCutcheon ahead to Sutter's Fort in order to purchase provisions for the wagon train.

The Donner Party now started out towards the Humboldt River. On the 30th September they reached the main trail from Fort Hall to Sutter's Fort. However, by this time the rest of the 1846 wagon trains had long gone and were already in California. The Donner Party now had trouble from the Paiute. They stole two oxen and two horses. They also fired several arrows at the wagon train and wounded some of the animals.

On 5th October, 1846, another disaster struck the Donner Party. James Reed and John Snyder had an argument about one of the wagons. Snyder lost his temper and hit him over the head with a bullwhip. Reed drew his knife and stuck it into Snyder's body. Snyder mumbled: "Uncle Patrick, I am dead." His prediction was correct and Keseberg immediately began to set up a wagon tongue as a makeshift gallows. William Eddy used his gun to insist that Reed would not be lynched. The others agreed and after much discussion it was decided that Reed should be banished from the wagon train. He was forced to make his way to Sutter's Fort on horseback without weapons. To many in the party this was equivalent to sentencing Reed to death.

Soon afterwards Keseberg ejected one of his employees, Hardkoop, from his wagon. He was never seen again and it is not known whether he died of starvation or was killed by local Native American tribes. This was followed by the disappearance of another German named Wolfinger. Joseph Reinhardt and Augustus Spitzer later confessed they had robbed and murdered Wolfinger.

On 31st July the Donner Party left Fort Bridger. They did not come out of the Echo Canyon until the 6th August. What they expected to take them four days had actually taken them seven days. They found a letter from Lansford Hastings advising them to camp at the Weber River and to send a man ahead to find him so he could show them a new route to California. James Reed and Charles T. Stanton went off in pursuit of Hastings. When they found him he refused the offer of becoming the personal guide to the Donner wagon train. Instead he drew a rough map of the new route.

The Donner Party entered the Wasatch Mountains on 12th August. They soon discovered they had to chop their way through aspen, cottonwood and tangled undergrowth to make a route for the wagons. Over the next few days they had to dislodge boulders and build causeways across swamps in order to reach the valley of the Great Salt Lake. The twenty-three wagons of the Donner Party was now joined by the Graves family and their three wagons. As Virginia Reed later recorded the new group consisted "of W.F. Graves, his wife and eight children, his son-in-law Jay Fosdick, and a young man by the name of John Snyder."

It was now the 27th August and they still had to cross the Salt Desert. Members of the party now realised they were in serious trouble and now had only a small chance of crossing the Sierra Nevada mountains before the winter snows blocked their route. The faster wagons pushed on ahead and the slow, heavily laden wagons of the Reeds and Donners were by now falling further and further behind.

Quote from: jjeeppeerrxx on June 15, 2015, 06:41:04 PM
Daghan kaajung Ulitawo sa Guindulman.. Pila may AGE range ani? Kay akong ipang recommend mga wala ma minju nga taga Guindulman..

Ang mga minjo na lang kaha ang i-recommend? Seguradong andam magpakasal ang mga kanahan...

Quote from: islander on August 12, 2014, 11:39:08 AM
great.  maka-penpal na gyod si hubag ani.

Yesssshhhh! Taga Guindulman baya ang apohan sa pag-umangkon sa asawa sa bayaw sa bilas sa ig-agaw nakong igtagurha!

The Donner-Reed wagon train left Independence, Missouri, for Sutter's Fort in May, 1846. Later that month, James Reed's mother-in-law died next to the Blue River in Kansas. She was to be the first of large number of people to die on this journey. The party followed the Oregon Trail until they reached Fort Bridger on 28th July.

At the fort the party met Lansford Hastings. He was busy attempting to persuade Oregon-bound emigrants to go to California by way of what became known as the Hastings Cutoff. Hastings claimed that his route would remove 300 miles from the distance to Sutter's Fort. His cut-off involved crossing the Wasatch Mountains, round the Great Salt Lake to the south, then due west to the Humboldt River in Nevada, before returning to the main trail from Fort Hall.

Hastings told people that the desert was only 40 miles across and that they would find water after 24 hours. It was in fact 82 miles wide and water was only to be found after 48 hours of travelling. Hastings told George Donner and James Reed that three wagon trains had already opted for this route.

The Donner Party had made poor time so far and was already some way behind most of the other wagon trains travelling from Independence to Sutter's Fort. They knew they had to cross the Sierra Nevada before the snowfalls that would their path to Sutter's Fort. This usually happened in early November. Although they were on schedule to reach the mountains by late summer they were worried about other delays that could mean being blocked by the winter weather. They therefore made the decision to take the advice of Lansford Hastings and take the proposed short-cut.

Lewis Keseberg was born in Germany on 22nd May, 1814. He was married on 22nd June, 1842, and two years later emigrated to the United States.

In 1846 he joined the Donner Party wagon train in its journey from Independence, Missouri, to Sutter's Fort in California. His party included his wife Phillipine, his son Lewis and daughter Ada. Keseberg also brought with him three men, Karl Burger, Joseph Reinhardt and Augustus Spitzer. The wagon train also included two Germans known as Hardkoop and Wolfinger.

He he, sayang naay absent...

Ni Brenda D. Batuto, GMR (Banat) | Updated June 14, 2015 - 12:00am


CEBU, Philippines - Wala pa’y napasaka nga kaso batok sa babaye nga giingong tiglawog og mga batan-ong babaye sa usa ka Amerikano sa dakbayan sa Bogo.

Ang babaye kinsa wala pa usab nasikop giingong bayran ni Harold Glover sa pagdala og babaye sa balay niini.

Ang mga biktima bayaran human molestiyahon sa Amerikano.

Gawas sa ibayad ni Glover ngadto sa tiglawog, mangayo pa gyud kini sa ibayad ngadto sa mga minor de edad.

Ang mga ginikanan sa mga babaye buot nga masikop ug mapasakaan na og kaso ang mao’ng babaye.

Si Bise Gobernador Agnes Magpale, co-chairman sa Provincial Commission for the Welfare of Children, nipasalig nga pasakaan gyud nila og kaso ang suspek human ang mga minor de edad nihatag na og testimoniya.

Si Glover una’ng nasikop sa niaging semana atol sa ronda sa iya’ng panimalay ug naaktohan sa mga polis nga uban sa upat ka menor de edad kinsa tulo niini nagpanuigon og 15-anyos ug usa ka 16-anyos sa iya’ng gipuy-an sa barangay Taytayan, Bogo.  (BANAT NEWS)

If we look at a six-month window on the price of gold (from Dec 2014 to June 2015), we can see that the highest point is at $41.66. and the lowest point at $36.88. That means even if I bought at the lowest point and sold at the highest point, I would have earned $4.78 which is roughly 13% return on my original investment.

Let's look at a one year window (from June 2014 to June 2015). The highest point is at $43.09. and the lowest point at $36.72. Following the previous analogy, I would have earned $6.37 or 17% return on my original investment.

(Note that in both these scenarios, I am presenting the BEST CASE -- buying at lowest and selling at highest -- but we know this RARELY happens in reality. In fact, if you had bought gold in June 2014 at around 40.50 and held on to it, your portfolio would have a negative net value today because gold in June 2015 is only 37.80.)

But going back to the analogy, we have seen that in even the best case for one year, we only got a 17% return by buying and selling gold. In contrast, EmGoldex promises to turn your P35,000 into P180,000. That's a whopping 514% return on investment. So tell me, how did they earn that much money in such a short time? By buying and selling gold? But we have already shown that's not possible.

Therefore, they earn from recruitment, and therefore, it’s a pyramid scheme.


Published in the Sun.Star Davao newspaper on June 12, 2015.

But as I have shown in the last article, for every person who exits, there are 14 other people who are waiting -- in other words, they haven’t earned anything yet. What they don’t know is that the money they invested was used to pay out the exiting person and the rest goes to the pocket of the owners.

Ah, but they will say that it doesn’t really go into their pockets because they have to pay out the next exiting person. True, but remember that the next person can’t exit unless there are new people coming in (or old people who "reinvested") so there's always fresh cash coming in and only a fraction of that is used to pay out the exiting person.

Now, experienced schemers will rarely admit that they make money from recruitment (because they know that they will be trapped by the definition of a pyramid scheme). Therefore, they will try to persuade you that they are really in the business of buying and selling gold, and that is how the company makes money.

Again, that is patently false and is relatively easy to demonstrate. The historical price per gram of gold can be found in the goldpriceoz.com website, which uses the London gold fixing price as its reference.

The bottom line is this: How is the company earning money?

If it earns money mainly via recruitment, then it is a pyramid scheme by definition. It may even be registered with SEC (it’s not that hard to register a corporation and make it sound legal at first). Many past scams were registered with SEC so that’s not really a guarantee -- although a company that isn’t registered ought to make you really doubtful.

It also doesn't matter whether this celebrity or that politician endorsed it. Come on, these people are human too and they can make mistakes, or they can be scammers as well. What? You don’t believe that politicians or celebrities can be scammers? Then you might be interested in buying a 2.5 billion peso parking building in Makati that I happen to be selling.

So what if it's a pyramid scheme? If people know what they’re getting into and are willing to take the risk, why shouldn’t they be free to do so?

Well, the problem is that sponsors or up lines are RARELY transparent about the risk. They will always focus on the upside and downplay the downside. They will show you how easy it is to double, triple, quadruple or quintuple your money. And all you have to do is to "invite two, only two."

They don't tell you that majority of those who invested have not yet earned anything. In fact, they spend a lot of time trying to convince you that the company is legitimate, and that it is not a scam, and so on and so forth.

Defending EmGoldex and failing miserably
By ANDY UYBOCO
FREETHINKING ME


I RECEIVED a lot of feedback on my previous article, "Is EmGoldex a Scam?" both in the comments section, as well as via email. Of particular interest to me were the staunch defenders who proclaimed that my logic "sucks" and that I didn't do the proper research, and they proceeded to explain how I wrongly described this or that specific detail in their payout scheme.

Truth to tell, I expected this because as I have already mentioned, I have seen this happen over and over again in the past. It's like knowing the secret to a magic trick. Once you've seen it, then you know how it's done and even if the magician does variations to the trick, you can still probably figure out how it's done, because you know the basic principle.

In other words, I don't need to fully understand the marketing plan of EmGoldex or whatever other company out there. All I need to know is the gist of it, as well as some knowledge of its products, and it’s easy to tell if it’s a scam or not. Perhaps it's my critics who should recheck their logic and do their proper research on pyramid schemes.

I was, after all, a teacher of algebra, geometry, physics and computer programming. So I have every reason to be very confident with the soundness of my logic.

More at: http://www.slideshare.net/AshwagAlhamid/unit-3-reference-and-sense

A nickelodeon theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, circa 1910. Nickelodeons often used gaudy posters and ornamented facades to attract patrons, but bare walls and hard seats usually awaited within.

The nickelodeon was the first type of indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. Usually set up in converted storefronts, these small, simple theaters charged five cents for admission and flourished from about 1905 to 1915.

"Nickelodeon" was concocted from nickel, the name of the U.S. five-cent coin, and the ancient Greek word odeion, a roofed-over theater, the latter indirectly by way of the Odéon in Paris, emblematic of a very large and luxurious theater much as Ritz was of a grand hotel. --Wiki

It is said that she can’t even talk. Maria Audete do Nascimento suffers from a rare disease which apparently could have been cured, if she had been given the correct medication at birth. 

University of Ceara Faculty of Medicine personnel think Maria suffered from a severe deficiency of the thyroid hormone. This condition of hypothyroidism resulted in a condition in which her body never developed physically or mentally.

32 Year Old Woman Has The Body Of An Infant
http://beforeitsnews.com/
Thursday, August 1, 2013 1:47





Maria Audete do Nascimento is an adult.  Though she looks like a baby, this  Brazilian woman was born on May 7th 1981.  Although looking at her one might think she is a child less than a year old.

In this way, Frege is able to actually retain his commitment in Leibniz's law. The expressions "the morning star" and "the evening star" have the same primary reference, and in any non-oblique context, they can replace each other without changing the truth-value of the proposition. However, since the senses of these expressions are not the same, they cannot replace each other in oblique contexts, because in such contexts, their references are non-identical.

Frege ascribes to senses and thoughts objective existence. In his mind, they are objects every bit as real as tables and chairs. Their existence is not dependent on language or the mind. Instead, they are said to exist in a timeless "third realm" of sense, existing apart from both the mental and the physical. Frege concludes this because, although senses are obviously not physical entities, their existence likewise does not depend on any one person's psychology. A thought, for example, has a truth-value regardless of whether or not anyone believes it and even whether or not anyone has grasped it at all. Moreover, senses are interpersonal. Different people are able to grasp the same senses and same thoughts and communicate them, and it is even possible for expressions in different languages to express the same sense or thought. Frege concludes that they are abstract objects, incapable of full causal interaction with the physical world. They are actual only in the very limited sense that they can have an effect on those who grasp them, but are themselves incapable of being changed or acted upon. They are neither created by our uses of language or acts of thinking, nor destroyed by their cessation.

Let us consider the examples of (5) and (6) more closely. To Frege's mind, these statements do not deal directly with the morning star and the evening star itself. Rather, they involve a relation between a believer and a thought believed. Thoughts, as we have seen, are the senses of complete propositions. Beliefs depend for their make-up on how certain objects and concepts are presented, not only on the objects and concepts themselves. The truth of belief claims, therefore, will depend not on the customary references of the component expressions of the stated belief, but their senses. Since the truth-value of the whole belief claim is the reference of that belief claim, and the reference of any proposition, for Frege, depends on the references of its component expressions, we are lead to the conclusion that the typical senses of expressions that appear in oratio obliqua are in fact the references of those expressions when they appear in that context. Such contexts can be referred to as "oblique contexts", contexts in which the reference of an expression is shifted from its customary reference to its customary sense.

Frege meets this challenge to Leibniz's law by making a distinction between what he calls the primary and secondary references of expressions. Frege suggests that when expressions appear in certain unusual contexts, they have as their references what is customarily their senses. In such cases, the expressions are said to have their secondary references. Typically, such cases involve what Frege calls "indirect speech" or "oratio obliqua", as in the case of statements of beliefs, thoughts, desires and other so-called "propositional attitudes", such as the examples of (5) and (6). However, expressions also have their secondary references (for reasons which should already be apparent) in contexts such as "it is informative that..." or "... is analytically true".

Frege also uses the distinction to solve what appears to be a difficulty with Leibniz's law with regard to identity. This law was stated by Leibniz as, "those things are the same of which one can be substituted for another without loss of truth," a sentiment with which Frege was in full agreement. As Frege understands this, it means that if two expressions have the same reference, they should be able to replace each other within any proposition without changing the truth-value of that proposition. Normally, this poses no problem. The inference from:

(3) The morning star is a planet.

to the conclusion:

(4) The evening star is a planet.

in virtue of (2) above and Leibniz's law is unproblematically valid. However, there seem to be some serious counterexamples to this principle. We know for example that "the morning star" and "the evening star" have the same customary reference. However, it is not always true that they can replace one another without changing the truth of a sentence. For example, if we consider the propositions:

(5) Gottlob believes that the morning star is a planet.

(6) Gottlob believes that the evening star is a planet.

If we assume that Gottlob does not know that the morning star is the same heavenly body as the evening star, (5) may be true while (6) false or vice versa.

It is clear that functions are to be understood as the references of incomplete expressions, but what of the senses of such expressions? Here, Frege tells us relatively little save that they exist. There is some amount of controversy among interpreters of Frege as to how they should be understood. It suffices here to note that just as the same object (e.g. the planet Venus), can be presented in different ways, so also can a function be presented in different ways. While "identity", as Frege uses the term, is a relation holding only between objects, Frege believes that there is a relation similar to identity that holds between functions just in case they always share the same value for every argument. Since all and only those things that have hearts have kidneys, strictly speaking, the concepts denoted by the expressions "( ) has a heart", and "( ) has a kidney" are one and the same. Clearly, however, these expressions do not present that concept in the same way. For Frege, these expressions would have different senses but the same reference. Frege also tells us that it is the incomplete nature of these senses that provides the "glue" holding together the thoughts of which they form a part.

In "Über Sinn und Bedeutung", Frege limits his discussion of the sense/reference distinction to "complete expressions" such as names purporting to pick out some object and whole propositions. However, in other works, Frege makes it quite clear that the distinction can also be applied to "incomplete expressions", which include functional expressions and grammatical predicates. These expressions are incomplete in the sense that they contain an "empty space", which, when filled, yields either a complex name referring to an object, or a complete proposition. Thus, the incomplete expression "the square root of ( )" contains a blank spot, which, when completed by an expression referring to a number, yields a complex expression also referring to a number, e.g., "the square root of sixteen". The incomplete expression, "( ) is a planet" contains an empty place, which, when filled with a name, yields a complete proposition. According to Frege, the references of these incomplete expressions are not objects but functions. Objects (Gegenstände), in Frege's terminology, are self-standing, complete entities, while functions are essentially incomplete, or as Frege says, "unsaturated" (ungesättigt) in that they must take something else as argument in order to yield a value. The reference of the expression "square root of ( )" is thus a function, which takes numbers as arguments and yields numbers as values. The situation may appear somewhat different in the case of grammatical predicates. However, because Frege holds that complete propositions, like names, have objects as their references, and in particular, the truth-values the True or the False, he is able to treat predicates also as having functions as their references. In particular, they are functions mapping objects onto truth-values. The expression, "( ) is a planet" has as its reference a function that yields as value the True when saturated by an object such as Saturn or Venus, but the False when saturated by a person or the number three. Frege calls such a function of one argument place that yields the True or False for every possible argument a "concept" (Begriff), and calls similar functions of more than one argument place (such as that denoted by "( ) > ( )", which is doubly in need of saturation), "relations".

So far we have only considered the distinction as it applies to expressions that name some object (including abstract objects, such as numbers). For Frege, the distinction applies also to other sorts of expressions and even whole sentences or propositions. If the sense/reference distinction can be applied to whole propositions, it stands to reason that the reference of the whole proposition depends on the references of the parts and the sense of the proposition depends of the senses of the parts. (At some points, Frege even suggests that the sense of a whole proposition is composed of the senses of the component expressions.) In the example considered in the previous paragraph, it was seen that the truth-value of the identity claim depends on the references of the component expressions, while the informativity of what was understood by the identity claim depends on the senses. For this and other reasons, Frege concluded that the reference of an entire proposition is its truth-value, either the True or the False. The sense of a complete proposition is what it is we understand when we understand a proposition, which Frege calls "a thought" (Gedanke). Just as the sense of a name of an object determines how that object is presented, the sense of a proposition determines a method of determination for a truth-value. The propositions, "2 + 4 = 6" and "the Earth rotates", both have the True as their references, though this is in virtue of very different conditions holding in the two cases, just as "the morning star" and "the evening star" refer to Venus in virtue of different properties.

Frege puts the distinction to work in solving a puzzle concerning identity claims. If we consider the two claims:

(1) the morning star = the morning star

(2) the morning star = the evening star

The first appears to be a trivial case of the law of self-identity, knowable a priori, while the second seems to be something that was discovered a posteriori by astronomers. However, if "the morning star" means the same thing as "the evening star", then the two statements themselves would also seem to have the same meaning, both involving a thing's relation of identity to itself. However, it then becomes to difficult to explain why (2) seems informative while (1) does not. Frege's response to this puzzle, given the distinction between sense and reference, should be apparent. Because the reference of "the evening star" and "the morning star" is the same, both statements are true in virtue of the same object's relation of identity to itself. However, because the senses of these expressions are different--in (1) the object is presented the same way twice, and in (2) it is presented in two different ways--it is informative to learn of (2). While the truth of an identity statement involves only the references of the component expressions, the informativity of such statements involves additionally the way in which those references are determined, i.e. the senses of the component expressions.

The distinction between reference and sense was expanded, primarily in "Ãœber Sinn und Bedeutung" as holding not only for mathematical expressions, but for all linguistic expressions (whether the language in question is natural language or a formal language). One of his primary examples therein involves the expressions "the morning star" and "the evening star". Both of these expressions refer to the planet Venus, yet they obviously denote Venus in virtue of different properties that it has. Thus, Frege claims that these two expressions have the same reference but different senses. The reference of an expression is the actual thing corresponding to it, in the case of "the morning star", the reference is the planet Venus itself. The sense of an expression, however, is the "mode of presentation" or cognitive content associated with the expression in virtue of which the reference is picked out.

In his mature period, however, Frege was an ardent opponent of this view, and argued in favor of understanding "=" as identity proper, accusing rival views of confusing form and content. He argues instead that expressions such as "4 x 2" and "11 - 3" can be understood as standing for one and the same thing, the number eight, but that this single entity is determined or presented differently by the two expressions. Thus, he makes a distinction between the actual number a mathematical expression such as "4 x 2" stands for, and the way in which that number is determined or picked out. The former he called the reference (Bedeutung) of the expression, and the latter was called the sense (Sinn) of the expression. In Fregean terminology, an expression is said to express its sense, and denote or refer to its reference.

from http://www.iep.utm.edu/frege/#H4


Frege's influential theory of meaning, the theory of sense (Sinn) and reference (Bedeutung) was first outlined, albeit briefly, in his article, "Funktion und Begriff" of 1891, and was expanded and explained in greater detail in perhaps his most famous work, "Ãœber Sinn und Bedeutung" of 1892. In "Funktion und Begriff", the distinction between the sense and reference of signs in language is first made in regard to mathematical equations. During Frege's time, there was a widespread dispute among mathematicians as to how the sign, "=", should be understood. If we consider an equation such as, "4 x 2 = 11 - 3", a number of Frege's contemporaries, for a variety of reasons, were wary of viewing this as an expression of an identity, or, in this case, as the claim that 4 x 2 and 11 - 3 are one and the same thing. Instead, they posited some weaker form of "equality" such that the numbers 4 x 2 and 11 - 3 would be said to be equal in number or equal in magnitude without thereby constituting one and the same thing. In opposition to the view that "=" signifies identity, such thinkers would point out that 4 x 2 and 11 - 3 cannot in all ways be thought to be the same. The former is a product, the latter a difference, etc.

6. Light-coloured walls and floorings

A no-brainer; light-coloured floorings and walls are common ways to make the room feel airy as opposed to dark colours. If pristine white isn’t your preferred choice of palette, add a dash of colours in your furniture or try pale-coloured wallpapers or tiles.

5. Get rid of clutter

Clutter is the nemesis of space. Minimise the sight of clutter with multi-purpose furniture or hidden storage display; or try disposing off your unused items for a cheaper alternative.

4. Show some legs

…for your furniture that is. As boundaries between rooms blur, reduce the chunk by choosing less bulky furniture with their sleek legs and contoured body.

3. Trade overhead lights for smaller lamps

Top-down lighting can be harsh and draws attention to one space. Instead, set up smaller lamps at different corners of the house to spread light around the area and draw the eye around the room. Then select warm lightings to add on to the cozy factor.

2. Mirrors

A common method is to make use of mirrors and other reflective surfaces to create the illusion of a bigger space. Opt for large full-length mirrors or position smaller mirrors opposite windows or in front of a light source to amplify the lighting.

Qanvast â€" Mon, Jun 8, 2015


Space is a form of luxury on our densely-populated sunny island. With shrinking square feet in new homes, we take a look at how these HDBs and condominiums effectively incorporate design, colours and nature to make a small space seemingly larger at pocket-friendly prices.

1. Natural Light

Let natural light seep in to create depth. Take a step further and replace the curtains with blinds or shades if you need privacy. 

If your house isn’t blessed with a good layout in capturing solar energy, opt for glass partition to allow light to permeate and light up the darker corners of the room.

“FYI HINDI NIYO AKO KLIYENTE AT HINDING HINDI KO KAYO INIINDORSO.”

Ito ang mensaheng nais iparating ni Aiza Seguerra sa Emgoldex, na minsan nang inilarawan ng Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) bilang isang pyramiding scam.

Sa kanyang Instagram account kahapon, June 8, ipinaliwanag ng singer na wala siyang anumang kaugnayan sa nabanggit na brand, na gumagamit ng larawan niya para mahikayat ang publiko na maging kliyente.

Ayon kay Aiza, “Nag-sponsor kayo ng show ko sa Dubai at binigyan niyo ako ng T-shirt at dahil maayos akong tao, nagpasalamat ako at nagpa-picture ako sa inyo."

Pero wala na raw anumang pag-uusap na nangyari pagkatapos noon.

Kaya, ang panawagan ni Aiza sa kanyang Instagram account:

“DO NOT USE ME TO GET PEOPLE TO JOIN YOUR GROUP BECAUSE I AM NOT ENDORSING YOUR GROUP. DO NOT USE FALSE ADVERTISING TO ENTICE PEOPLE TO JOIN YOU. I AM WARNING YOU, DO NOT USE MY NAME.”

http://www.pep.ph/
by Nerisa Almo posted on June 9, 2015



Aiza Seguerra reacts to the use of his photographs that are being used to advertise Emgoldex, which has been tagged by Securities and Exchange Commission as a pyramiding scam.
PHOTO: INSTAGRAM PHOTOS OF AIZA SEGUERRA

Quote from: TUBAGBOHOL.com on June 11, 2015, 09:18:02 PM
grabeha naman ning mga tawo karon sa pilipinas. paghugas lang sa plato, mopatay naman ug amahan.

Di ba kaha pud way iniglihok, kasaba nga binaktin...

Di ba kaha paint thinner ang gisuyop kay pintor man kuno diay si Spiderman...

Kanay ungggoy...

Ni JOHN PAUL V. PEPITO


AMAHAN namatay hu­­man gidunggab ma­ka­daghan sa iyang anak nga lalake nga iyang gika­sab-an kay wa hugasi ang platong gikan-an sa ilang balay sa Purok 3, Brgy. Bangbang, Cordova niadtong Miyerkules sa gabii.

Ang biktima giila nga si Everisto Cardente, 54, lumolupyo sa maong dapit.

Matod ni SPO2 Laurencio Wagwag sa Cordova Police Station nga kini nahitabo human maabot ang amahan gikan sa trabaho mga alas 8 sa gabii.

Gibutyag ni Wagwag nga sa wa pa dunggaba ni Kenneth, 22, tyraysikad driver, si Everisto, sila nagkalalis mahitungod sa platong nga gikan-an sa suspek nga wa hugasi.

Tungod sa kainit sa i­­­lang pananglalis, nasu­ko pag-ayo si Kenneth hinung­dan nga nikuha og kutsilyo sa kusina da­yon nidunggab sa buko-buko sa iyang amahan sa makadaghan.


Gipatik sa mantalaang SuperBalita Cebu Hunyo 12, 2015.

Akong tambag, ayaw na lang. Mas paspas pa ni siyang motiurok...

Quote from: islander on June 11, 2015, 05:12:48 PM

Kumakaon og unggoy man nang tinan-awana...

Quote from: islander on June 11, 2015, 06:14:49 PM
571.  does it mean anything?  daot gyod hinoon kog mata...

Hala, 571 ang imong nakit-an? Kana nagpasabot nga singkit kag mata!

Ni Bryner L. Diaz/GMR (Banat) | Updated June 11, 2015 - 12:00am


CEBU, Philippines - Patay diha-diha ang usa ka lalaki nga milayat sa skywalk sa may Fuente Osmeña Rotunda, dakbayan sa Sugbo kagahapon sa buntag.

Ang mao’ng lalaki nailhan nga si Rodulfo Abig, taga Quezon City kinsa nagsul-ob og puti nga T-shirt, checkered nga puwa ug puti nga short pants, tambukon ug anaa na sa mga 30 ang pangedaron.

Sumala pa sa usa ka vendor nga nagpaila nga Maricel kinsa duol sa skywalk nga iya na lang nabantayan nga naglupad na ang lalaki nga nagdupa sa iya’ng kamot.

Matud ni Maricel nga daw mura og Spiderman ang lalaki nga nilayat gikan sa skywalk.

Medyo nakuyawan siya sa iya’ng nakita apan sa pagtugpa sa lalaki sa aspaltado’ng karsada, nilagubo nga nag-ubo ug nibanaw dayun ang dugo.

Dugang ni Maricel nga nagduha-duha siya sa pagsusi sa lalaki kay nakurat kaayo siya sa iya’ng nakita.

Dihang naabot ang usa ka traffic enforcer nitawag dayun kini og tabang ug naabot ang ambulansya sa Sambag II nga mao’y nidala sa lalaki ngadto sa Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center.

Diha’ng nadangat sa tambalanan, gideklarar na nga patay na. (BANAT NEWS)

Eleanor from Liverpool meets Lil Bub at CatCon LA 2015 (Susan Michals)

By Sabine Schwab
June 9, 2015   





Cats rule the internet but on 6-7 June cat fans from across the world met in Los Angeles for the first time ever to celebrate their furry friends at CatConLA. The cat-themed fan convention with over 100 vendors offered cat enthusiasts everything from robotic cats and toys to extra-strong cat nip. A series of talks were held including Photographing Cats â€" It Looks Easy, But It's Not and You Can Be A Cat Guy And Still Be Cool.

Fans could also meet Simon's Cat animator and writer Simon Tofield and cat celebrity Lil Bub with her owner Mike Bridavsky.

More than 10,000 cat lovers attended CatCon over two days and organiser Susan Michals said she was very happy with the outcome, especially because Best Friends Animal Society, who offered cats for adoption during the event, managed to find 73 kitties a new home.

Michals got the idea for CatCon when she put together a cat-based art show in LA in 2014: "I was introduced to a lot of groovy people there [cat fans of course] who were really into chic and hip cat fashion, furnishings and art. I realised there was an opportunity to take the attention to detail and craftsmanship of the artists and apply that to other products, like furniture and clothing and design."

She said CatCon raised a substantial donation for FixNation, a charity providing free spaying for homeless, stray and feral cats.

The most memorable event at the convention for her was children being able to meet Lil Bub. "Bub is a beacon of goodness, and her dude [Mike Bridavsky] is one as well. They are champions for the underdog â€" or in this instance, the undercat."

Michals added that there are plans to expand the concept to other cities and CatConLA 2016 was already in the works. According to her, many of this year's vendors and speakers have already agreed to participate again.

After two years of over-eating she gained 40 kilograms, the Daily Mail reported.

After awakening the food addict in Tai, he asked her to marry him in front of their favourite restaurants. He went down on bended knee and held out a bouquet made of chocolates.

Tai said yes to the bizarre proposal, which was in front of their friends, who were each holding up pictures of food.

Pan said he would feed Tai even more once she is his wife.

Pan was a jealous lover, who worried his new girlfriend would attract other men. He began to feed her large amounts of food to fatten her up in an effort to scare off potential love interests.

He reportedly spent large sums of money to ensure Tai ate huge meals everyday. He would even wake her up in the middle of the night to give her snacks.



Love can be transformative, apparently.

Yan Tai, 20, met You Pan, 25, two-years-ago. She weighed just 45 kilograms.



This is what Yan Tai looked like just two years ago.

Yahoo7 and Agencies
April 15, 2015, 2:33 pm



A Chinese woman has accepted a marriage proposal from a man who forced her to put on weight to fend off romantic rivals.

http://thechive.com/
Via Reddit /r/OldBabies