The dictatorship of Julius Caesar starting in 49 B.C. marked the end of the Republic and the beginning of a new form of government, although the empire of Rome existed for some time, ever since the Republican city of Rome had begun to bind to itself the territories conquered in the form of provinces.
The Roman Empire was at its greatest extent and at the height of its power around 116 A.D. under Emperor Trajan. The Western Roman Empire officially lasted until 476 A.D. when Odoacer deposed the last emperor, and the Eastern Roman Empire, sometimes referred to as the Byzantine Empire, continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 A.D.
In 63 B.C. the Roman army commanded by General Pompey invaded and conquered Syria and intervened in the turmoil and civil war in Jerusalem, thus extending the Roman influence to Israel. In 37 B.C. the Roman Senate installed Herod as King of Judea (Judea incorporated the geographical regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea), but Israel officially became a Roman province, under a complete and direct Roman administration, only in 6 A.D.
In the first century A.D., at the time of Jesus and his first disciples, Rome had dominion over Israel. Emperor Caesar Octavian Augustus came to power after a period of political unrest and civil war in Rome, following the murder of Julius Caesar, and was in power during the time of Jesus' birth. The New Testament makes reference to him in Luke 2:1 - "It came to pass in those days that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered."
Credit: @conformingtojesus
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