Author Topic: Some volcano-related words  (Read 6766 times)

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Some volcano-related words
« on: March 15, 2011, 10:32:11 AM »
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asthenosphere

The asthenosphere (also spelled aesthenosphere) is a part of the Earth's upper mantle that exhibits plastic properties. It is located below the lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle), between about 100 and 250 kilometers deep.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #1 on: March 15, 2011, 10:43:17 AM »
base surge

A base surge is a cloud of rock debris, water, and steam that moves close to the ground at high speeds. It is formed by an explosive volcanic eruption.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #2 on: March 15, 2011, 11:17:41 AM »
caldera

A caldera is a large depression formed from a collapsed volcano. Calderas are often circular or elliptical. Crater Lake (in Oregon, USA) is an example of a large caldera (it is 16 miles across). Caldera comes from the Spanish word for cauldron.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #3 on: March 15, 2011, 11:39:03 AM »


continental drift

Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents. The land masses are hunks of Earth's crust that float on the molten core. The ideas of continental drift and the existence of a supercontinent (Pangaea) were presented by Alfred Wegener in 1915.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #4 on: March 15, 2011, 12:08:56 PM »



continental plates

The crust of the Earth is broken into plates. The plates are enormous chunks of rock that float atop the soft mantle. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Continental plates are thicker, older, and less dense than oceanic plates. These plates are about 125 kilometers thick and are made of granite that is about 3 billion years old.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #5 on: March 15, 2011, 12:37:54 PM »
continental shelf

The continental shelf is the part of the ocean floor next to each of the continents. The sea floor slopes gradually from the continent to a depth of about 650 feet (200 m). Beyond the continental shelf the sea floor drops steeply.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #6 on: March 15, 2011, 01:11:20 PM »



Coriolis force

The Coriolis force is the force that results from the rotation of the Earth around its axis; it makes storms rotate counterclockwise in the Northern and clockwise in the Southern Hemispheres. The French engineer/mathematician Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis discovered this force in 1835. This force has effects on water currents, but has no effect on the direction of water going down a drain.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #7 on: March 15, 2011, 01:22:58 PM »
decibel

Decibels (abbreviated dB) are the unit of measuring the loudness (or intensity) of sounds. 0 dB is the faintest audible sound. The decibel scale is logarithmic. Blue whale calls are up to 188 dB; this is the loudest animal sound, and is painful to the human ear. Volcano eruptions are one of the loudest sounds on Earth and are over 272 dB.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #8 on: March 15, 2011, 01:45:25 PM »
ejecta

Ejecta is material that has been thrown from a volcanic eruption. Some ejecta are lava bombs and tephra (pyroclastic material)



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #9 on: March 15, 2011, 01:58:58 PM »
Eon                 Time
Phanerozoic Eon     540 million years ago through today
Proterozoic Eon      2.5 billion years ago to 540 million years ago
Archaeozoic Eon     3.9 to 2.5 billion years ago
Hadean Eon           4.6 to 3.9 billion years ago


eon

Two or more geological eras form an eon, which is the largest division of geological time, lasting hundreds of millions of years.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #10 on: March 15, 2011, 02:18:43 PM »
epicenter

The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the place that an earthquake occurred.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #11 on: March 15, 2011, 02:31:00 PM »
fissure

A fissure is a crack in a rocks. A volcanic fissure is one from which lava erupts.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #12 on: March 15, 2011, 02:51:19 PM »



fold mountains

Fold mountains are a type of mountain range that is formed when two continental plates collide (or one continental plate colliding with an oceanic plate). The colliding crust is compressed and pushed upwards (uplifted), forming mountains. For example, the Himalayas were slowly formed when the Indian plate collided with the Asia-European plate millions of years ago.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #13 on: March 15, 2011, 03:09:20 PM »
glacier outburst flood

A glacier outburst flood is a sudden flood caused as water flows quickly from a glacier or a glacier-dammed lake. It is caused as volcanic activity under the glacier melts the ice.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #14 on: March 15, 2011, 03:19:23 PM »





The greenhouse effect is an increase in the temperature of a planet as heat energy from sunlight is trapped in the atmosphere. Excess carbon dioxide and water vapor increase this effect. The greenhouse effect is strong on Earth and Venus, maintaining warm temperatures.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #15 on: March 15, 2011, 03:43:29 PM »
granite

Granite is a type of igneous rock (volcanic rock that has cooled) that is light-colored and coarse grained. Granite is characterized by the minerals orthoclase and quartz with some plagioclase feldspar and iron-magnesium minerals. Granite underlies much of the continents.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #16 on: March 15, 2011, 03:54:53 PM »



hydrologic cycle

The Hydrologic cycle (also known as the water cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the Earth to the sky and back again.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #17 on: March 15, 2011, 04:11:01 PM »


igneous rock

When molten rock cools, igneous rock is formed. Intrusive rocks are igneous rocks that have formed (and cooled slowly) beneath the surface of the Earth. Extrusive rocks are igneous rocks that have formed (and cooled more quickly) at the surface of the Earth (like obsidian). Some igneous rocks include granite, obsidian (volcanic glass), basalt, and andesite porphyry.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #18 on: March 15, 2011, 04:25:14 PM »



impact crater

Impact craters are the remains of collisions between an asteroid or meteorite and the Earth.



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #19 on: March 15, 2011, 04:37:07 PM »



ISOTOPE

An isotope of an element is another form of the same element, that has a different number of neutrons in the nucleus (giving it a different atomic weight).



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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #20 on: March 15, 2011, 05:29:03 PM »
lahar

A lahar (also called a mudflow or debris flow) is a moving mixture of rock, water, and other debris that falls down the slopes of a volcano and/or a river valley. Lahar is an Indonesian word.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #21 on: March 15, 2011, 05:32:31 PM »


lava


Lava is molten rock. It usually comes out of erupting volcanoes.

lava bomb

A volcanic bomb is a chunk of viscous lava (over 64 mm) that is ejected (thrown) from a volcano. Since they are still viscous when ejected, they often have rounded, aerodynamic shapes. Type of bombs include: breadcrust bombs, ribbon bombs, spindle bombs, spheroidal bombs, and "cow-dung" bombs.

lava dome

A lava dome is a dome-shaped mound that is formed around a vent by viscous lava.

lava tube

A lava tube is a tube-like, underground conduit formed by flowing lava. The flowing lava crusts over at the edges and drains out onto lower ground - what is left is a smooth, tube-like tunnel with hanging lava stalactites and a flat floor - a lava tube.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #22 on: March 15, 2011, 06:06:59 PM »
magma

Magma is molten rock (lava) from which igneous rock forms. Magma is be formed from many types of rocks, including basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #23 on: March 15, 2011, 06:10:57 PM »



magnetic field

The Earth's magnetic field is aligned with the north and south poles, and has reversed many times during geologic history. Sharks may use the magnetic field of the Earth for navigation purposes on migrations.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #24 on: March 15, 2011, 06:35:48 PM »
magnitude

The intensity of an earthquake is described by a number in the Richter scale, called the magnitude. The magnitude of an earthquake is calculated from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. A magnitude 2.0 or less earthquake is called a microearthquake and is not felt by people. A magnitude 4.5 or more earthquake can be measured by seismographs all over the world. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or greater.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #25 on: March 15, 2011, 07:32:47 PM »
mass extinction

Mass extinction is the process in which huge numbers of species die out suddenly. The dinosaurs (and many other species) went extinct during the K-T extinction, which was probably caused by an asteroid colliding with the Earth.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #26 on: March 15, 2011, 08:40:16 PM »



metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rocks are compacted by pressure and heat from deep inside the earth.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #27 on: March 15, 2011, 09:24:28 PM »



mineral

A mineral is a naturally-occurring solid of definite chemical composition whose atoms usually form a regular pattern.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #28 on: March 16, 2011, 09:08:35 AM »


obsidian

Obsidian (also called Apache tears) is a volcanic glass that is usually black, but is occasionally red, brown, gray, green (rare), dark with "snowflakes," or even clear. This glassy, lustrous mineral is found in lava flows, and obsidian stones can be massive. Obsidian is formed when viscous lava (from volcanos) cools rapidly. Most obsidian is 70 percent silica. Obsidian has a hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 2.35. The pin above is mahogany (brown) obsidian.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #29 on: March 16, 2011, 09:31:47 AM »


oceanic plates

The crust of the Earth is broken into plates. The plates are enormous chunks of rock that float atop the soft mantle. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Oceanic plates (those that are under the ocean) are thinner, younger, and denser than continental plates. These underwater plates are about 75 kilometers thick and are made of basalt rock. They are relatively young since plate formation (seafloor spreading) occurs at the margins of oceanic plates.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #30 on: March 16, 2011, 10:03:07 AM »


ozone

Ozone is a form of oxygen (O3); it consists of three connected oxygen atoms. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules (O2) bonds are broken by high energy (bombardment by energetic electrons or high energy radiation).

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #31 on: March 16, 2011, 10:16:08 AM »


ozone layer

The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere which contains most (about 90%) of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. It is about 10-25 miles (15-40 km) above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer shields the Earth from Ultraviolet B rays that come from the Sun. The ozone layer is becoming depleted, and there is an "ozone hole" over Antarctica.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #32 on: March 16, 2011, 10:51:04 AM »


paleontology

Paleontology is the branch of biology that studies the forms of life that existed in former geologic periods, chiefly by studying fossils.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #33 on: March 16, 2011, 10:58:18 AM »


Pangaea was a supercontinent consisting of all of Earth's land masses. It existed during the Permian and Jurassic period. It began breaking up during the Jurassic period, forming continents Gondwanaland and Laurasia, separated by the Tethys Sea.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #34 on: March 16, 2011, 10:59:42 AM »


phases of matter

Matter can exist in four phases (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) and a few other extreme phases, like critical fluids and degenerate gases. The phase diagram of water (above) shows its phase at various temperatures and pressures.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #35 on: March 16, 2011, 11:36:31 AM »


plates

The crust of the Earth is broken into plates. The plates are enormous chunks of rock that float atop the soft mantle. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Oceanic plates (those that are under the ocean) are thinner and denser than continental plates.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #36 on: March 16, 2011, 11:47:46 AM »


plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the now-established theory that chunks of the Earth's crust (plates) float on the surface and change both position and size over time.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #37 on: March 16, 2011, 11:55:02 AM »


precipitation

Precipitation is rain, sleet, hail, snow, or other condensation products falling from the atmosphere. Precipitation on Earth is key in the water cycle.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #38 on: March 16, 2011, 12:09:46 PM »
pumice

Pumice is a light-weight, spongy rock that is formed in explosive volcanic eruptions. This igneous rock is light and porous, containing a network of gas bubbles in volcanic glass and minerals. Pumice can form from any types of magma, including basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite.

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Re: Some volcano-related words
« Reply #39 on: March 16, 2011, 01:03:48 PM »
pyroclastic

Pyroclastic (meaning "fire fragmented") refers to broken-up rocks, pumice, ash, and other bits of material that are formed in a volcanic eruption.

pyroclastic flow

A pyroclastic flow is an avalanche of pyroclastic materials (broken rocks, pumice, and ash) and hot gases that erupts from within a volcano. A pyroclastic flow travels at up to 100 miles per hour. Within the flow, temperatures can reach 500 degrees C.

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