Author Topic: Overview of the Communism in China  (Read 691 times)

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Overview of the Communism in China
« on: November 16, 2012, 08:59:53 PM »
China: Communism
By Angie Johnston

Overview

After 1911, when Chinese Imperialism fell, widespread infighting and civil war took center stage in China as communism consumed the country. Early Chinese communism was a form of Marxism and Leninism, adapted to the lives of Chinese peasants. This hybrid political formula, called Maoism, was named for its founder, Mao Zedong. The Communist Party of China (CPC) was officially established in 1921. The party took over leadership of the country and formed the People?s Republic of China in 1949, with Mao serving as chairman. As of 2011, The CPC continues to rule the People's Republic of China.
History

A new era of Chinese history, known as the May Fourth Movement, started in 1915. Many students and intellectuals in China longed for cultural change. Concerned with the hordes of warlords in their country, many Chinese no longer wanted to be ruled by imperialists. Inspired by Russia?s revolution, many Chinese intellectuals became interested in communism. Beijing University translated books on Marxism and flooded Chinese society with them.

In July 1921, the Communist Party of China was founded by three main players: Li Dazhao, a librarian from Beijing University; Chen Duxiu, the editor of a journal for young citizens entitled "New Youth"; and Mao Zedong, a student at the university. Ten years later, Mao Zedong was appointed the first chairman of the Communist Party of China. The members of an organization called the Kuomintang, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party, were the CPC?s political rivals. The Communist Party of China took advice and strategic tips from the Communist International of Moscow (Comintern) to infiltrate the Kuomintang and attempt to turn the members to communism from within. The Kuomintang quickly discovered the plot, and in 1927 they forced the Communists out. Mao then turned to the peasants of China to support the Communist Party and populate the Chinese army.

The clash between the CPC and the Kuomintang led to civil war in the 1930s. The war took a hiatus in 1936 so the two parties could join forces to fight Japanese warlords in Northern China, but the temporary truce ended with World War II in 1945. The parties resumed their bloody battles, and despite significant aid from the United States, the Kuomintang lost control of China's mainland. Four years after the civil war resumed, the Kuomintang lost control of everything but Taiwan and some surrounding islands. The CPC officially founded the People?s Republic of China, with Mao at the helm. Mao stepped down from the presidency in 1959 and was replaced by Liu Shaoqi; however, he remained chairman of the CPC for several more years.

Deng Xiaoping, who had been one of Mao?s greatest supporters in his earlier years, held several political offices in China during Mao?s tenure. By the 1960s, he began to openly disagree with Mao on economic and political issues. As a result, Mao eventually exiled his former supporter for a decade. In 1973, Mao brought Deng back to China and back to the Chinese government. When Mao died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping succeeded him as chairman of the CPC.
Present Day

CPC Chairman Deng Xiaoping restructured the Communist government of China into two overarching entities: the Formal Government and the People?s Liberation Army. The Formal Government?s National Congress elects a central committee; the central committed elects a Politburo; the Politburo elects the Politburo Standing Committee. The Standing Committee is the CPC?s focus of power. The Formal Government also has two bodies to oversee the People?s Liberation Army -- the Central Military Commission and the General Political Department. There are also several advisory committees in place to aid the central government in daily functions and in making major decisions.

The institutional changes we now see as modern day China can also be attributed to Deng Xiaoping. His four-pronged approach to modernizing China included agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology. China?s economic revival is, in part, due to the semi-privatization of farming that had been banned under Maoism. Special economic zones established to allow foreigners to invest in manufacturing for export also assisted in the capitalist leaps China has taken in recent years. China?s current president, Hu Jintao, continues in the tradition of loyalty to the CPC and acts in the interest of keeping China under communist rule.


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